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< p > 这篇文章是对afl的简单使用， ， ， < br > 参考：< a href = "https://paper.seebug.org/841/#_1" target = "_blank" rel = "noopener" > https://paper.seebug.org/841/#_1< / a > < / p >
< p > < strong > 部署afl< / strong > < / p >
< blockquote >
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< figure class = "highlight plain" > < table > < tr > < td class = "gutter" > < pre > < span class = "line" > 1< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 2< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 3< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 4< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 5< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 6< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < td class = "code" > < pre > < span class = "line" > > wget http://lcamtuf.coredump.cx/afl/releases/afl-latest.tgz< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > > tar -zxvf afl-latest.tgz< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > > cd afl-2.52b/< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > > make< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > > sudo make install< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > > < / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < / tr > < / table > < / figure >
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< / blockquote >
< p > < strong > 部署qemu< / strong > < / p >
< blockquote >
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< figure class = "highlight plain" > < table > < tr > < td class = "gutter" > < pre > < span class = "line" > 1< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 2< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 3< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 4< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 5< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 6< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 7< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 8< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < td class = "code" > < pre > < span class = "line" > > $ CPU_TARGET=x86_64 ./build_qemu_support.sh< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > > [+] Build process successful!< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > > [*] Copying binary...< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > > -rwxr-xr-x 1 han han 10972920 7月 9 10:43 ../afl-qemu-trace< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > > [+] Successfully created ' ../afl-qemu-trace' .< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > > [!] Note: can' t test instrumentation when CPU_TARGET set.< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > > [+] All set, you can now (hopefully) use the -Q mode in afl-fuzz!< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > > < / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < / tr > < / table > < / figure >
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< / blockquote >
< hr >
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< h1 id = "0x01-白盒测试" > < a href = "#0x01-白盒测试" class = "headerlink" title = "0x01 白盒测试" > < / a > 0x01 白盒测试< / h1 > < h2 id = "目标程序编译" > < a href = "#目标程序编译" class = "headerlink" title = "目标程序编译" > < / a > 目标程序编译< / h2 > < ol >
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< li > < p > 源代码< / p >
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< figure class = "highlight plain" > < table > < tr > < td class = "gutter" > < pre > < span class = "line" > 1< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 2< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 3< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 4< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 5< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 6< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 7< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 8< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 9< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 10< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 11< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 12< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 13< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 14< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < td class = "code" > < pre > < span class = "line" > #undef _FORTIFY_SOURCE< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > #include < stdio.h> < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > #include < stdlib.h> < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > #include < unistd.h> < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > void vulnerable_function() { < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > char buf[128];< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > read(STDIN_FILENO, buf, 256);< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > } < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > int main(int argc, char** argv) { < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > vulnerable_function();< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > write(STDOUT_FILENO, " Hello, World\n" , 13);< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > } < / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < / tr > < / table > < / figure >
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< / li >
< li > < p > gcc编译（ ） < / p >
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< figure class = "highlight plain" > < table > < tr > < td class = "gutter" > < pre > < span class = "line" > 1< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 2< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 3< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 4< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < td class = "code" > < pre > < span class = "line" > $ gcc v1.c -o v1< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > $ ./v1< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > what< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > Hello, World< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < / tr > < / table > < / figure >
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< / li >
< / ol >
< p > 生成v1的目的一是为了和afl-gcc的编译做对比， < / p >
< ol start = "3" >
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< li > 使用afl-gcc进行编译< br > < em > -fno-stack-protector 该选项会禁止stack canary保护< br > -z execstack 允许堆栈可执行< / em > < figure class = "highlight plain" > < table > < tr > < td class = "gutter" > < pre > < span class = "line" > 1< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 2< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 3< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 4< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < td class = "code" > < pre > < span class = "line" > $ ../afl-2.52b/afl-gcc -fno-stack-protector -z execstack v1.c -o v1-afl < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > afl-cc 2.52b by < lcamtuf@google.com> < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > afl-as 2.52b by < lcamtuf@google.com> < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > [+] Instrumented 2 locations (64-bit, non-hardened mode, ratio 100%).< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < / tr > < / table > < / figure >
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< / li >
< / ol >
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< h2 id = "测试插桩程序" > < a href = "#测试插桩程序" class = "headerlink" title = "测试插桩程序" > < / a > 测试插桩程序< / h2 > < p > < strong > afl-showmap< / strong > 跟踪单个输入的执行路径， （ ） ， ， < br > < figure class = "highlight plain" > < table > < tr > < td class = "gutter" > < pre > < span class = "line" > 1< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 2< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 3< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 4< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 5< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 6< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 7< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 8< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 9< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 10< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < td class = "code" > < pre > < span class = "line" > $ ./afl-showmap -o /dev/null -- ../vuln/v1 < < (echo test)< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > afl-showmap 2.52b by < lcamtuf@google.com> < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > [*] Executing ' ../vuln/v1' ...< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > -- Program output begins --< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > Hello, World< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > -- Program output ends --< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > [-] PROGRAM ABORT : No instrumentation detected< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > Location : main(), afl-showmap.c:773< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < / tr > < / table > < / figure > < / p >
< figure class = "highlight plain" > < table > < tr > < td class = "gutter" > < pre > < span class = "line" > 1< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 2< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 3< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 4< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 5< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 6< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 7< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 8< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < td class = "code" > < pre > < span class = "line" > $ ./afl-showmap -o /dev/null -- ../vuln/v1-afl < < (echo test)< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > afl-showmap 2.52b by < lcamtuf@google.com> < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > [*] Executing ' ../vuln/v1-afl' ...< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > -- Program output begins --< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > Hello, World< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > -- Program output ends --< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > [+] Captured 1 tuples in ' /dev/null' .< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < / tr > < / table > < / figure >
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< p > 可见， ， < / p >
< h2 id = "执行FUZZER" > < a href = "#执行FUZZER" class = "headerlink" title = "执行FUZZER" > < / a > 执行FUZZER< / h2 > < ol >
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< li > 修改core< br > 在执行afl-fuzz前， （ ） < figure class = "highlight plain" > < table > < tr > < td class = "gutter" > < pre > < span class = "line" > 1< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 2< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 3< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 4< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 5< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 6< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 7< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 8< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 9< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 10< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 11< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 12< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 13< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 14< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 15< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 16< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 17< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 18< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 19< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < td class = "code" > < pre > < span class = "line" > $ ./afl-fuzz -i ../vuln/testcase/ -o ../vuln/out/ ../vuln/v1-afl< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > afl-fuzz 2.52b by < lcamtuf@google.com> < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > [+] You have 2 CPU cores and 2 runnable tasks (utilization: 100%).< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > [*] Checking CPU core loadout...< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > [+] Found a free CPU core, binding to #0.< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > [*] Checking core_pattern...< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > [-] Hmm, your system is configured to send core dump notifications to an< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > external utility. This will cause issues: there will be an extended delay< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > between stumbling upon a crash and having this information relayed to the< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > fuzzer via the standard waitpid() API.< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > To avoid having crashes misinterpreted as timeouts, please log in as root< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > and temporarily modify /proc/sys/kernel/core_pattern, like so:< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > echo core > /proc/sys/kernel/core_pattern< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > [-] PROGRAM ABORT : Pipe at the beginning of ' core_pattern' < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > Location : check_crash_handling(), afl-fuzz.c:7275< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < / tr > < / table > < / figure >
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< / li >
< / ol >
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< p > 将导致将崩溃信息发送到Fuzzer之间的延迟增大， ， ， ： < br > < figure class = "highlight plain" > < table > < tr > < td class = "gutter" > < pre > < span class = "line" > 1< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < td class = "code" > < pre > < span class = "line" > echo core > /proc/sys/kernel/core_pattern< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < / tr > < / table > < / figure > < / p >
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< ol start = "2" >
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< li > 通用fuzz语法< br > afl-fuzz对于直接从stdin接受输入的目标二进制文件， ： < figure class = "highlight plain" > < table > < tr > < td class = "gutter" > < pre > < span class = "line" > 1< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < td class = "code" > < pre > < span class = "line" > $ ./afl-fuzz -i testcase_dir -o findings_dir / path / to / program [... params ...]< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < / tr > < / table > < / figure >
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< / li >
< / ol >
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< p > 对于从文件中获取输入的程序，使用“@@”标记目标命令行中应放置输入文件名的位置。模糊器将替换为您：< br > < figure class = "highlight plain" > < table > < tr > < td class = "gutter" > < pre > < span class = "line" > 1< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < td class = "code" > < pre > < span class = "line" > $ ./afl-fuzz -i testcase_dir -o findings_dir / path / to / program @@< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < / tr > < / table > < / figure > < / p >
< p > 此时afl会给我们返回一些信息， < br > < figure class = "highlight plain" > < table > < tr > < td class = "gutter" > < pre > < span class = "line" > 1< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 2< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 3< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 4< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 5< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 6< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 7< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 8< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 9< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 10< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 11< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 12< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 13< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 14< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 15< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 16< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 17< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 18< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 19< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 20< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 21< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 22< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 23< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 24< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 25< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 26< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 27< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 28< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 29< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 30< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 31< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < td class = "code" > < pre > < span class = "line" > afl-fuzz 2.52b by < lcamtuf@google.com> < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > [+] You have 2 CPU cores and 2 runnable tasks (utilization: 100%).< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > [*] Checking CPU core loadout...< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > [+] Found a free CPU core, binding to #0.< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > [*] Checking core_pattern...< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > [*] Setting up output directories...< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > [+] Output directory exists but deemed OK to reuse.< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > [*] Deleting old session data...< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > [+] Output dir cleanup successful.< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > [*] Scanning ' ../vuln/testcase/' ...< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > [+] No auto-generated dictionary tokens to reuse.< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > [*] Creating hard links for all input files...< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > [*] Validating target binary...< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > [*] Attempting dry run with ' id:000000,orig:1' ...< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > [*] Spinning up the fork server...< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > [+] All right - fork server is up.< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > len = 3, map size = 1, exec speed = 295 us< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > [*] Attempting dry run with ' id:000001,orig:2' ...< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > len = 23, map size = 1, exec speed = 125 us< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > [!] WARNING: No new instrumentation output, test case may be useless.< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > [+] All test cases processed.< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > [!] WARNING: Some test cases look useless. Consider using a smaller set.< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > [+] Here are some useful stats:< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > Test case count : 1 favored, 0 variable, 2 total< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > Bitmap range : 1 to 1 bits (average: 1.00 bits)< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > Exec timing : 125 to 295 us (average: 210 us)< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > [*] No -t option specified, so I' ll use exec timeout of 20 ms.< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > [+] All set and ready to roll!< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < / tr > < / table > < / figure > < / p >
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< ol start = "3" >
< li > 状态窗口< br > 我们可以看到afl很快就给我们制造了崩溃< / li >
< / ol >
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< figure class = "highlight plain" > < table > < tr > < td class = "gutter" > < pre > < span class = "line" > 1< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 2< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 3< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 4< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 5< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 6< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 7< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 8< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 9< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 10< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 11< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 12< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 13< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 14< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 15< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 16< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 17< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 18< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 19< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 20< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 21< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 22< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 23< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 24< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 25< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 26< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 27< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 28< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < td class = "code" > < pre > < span class = "line" > american fuzzy lop 2.52b (v1-afl)< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > ┌─ process timing ─────────────────────────────────────┬─ overall results ─────┐< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > │ run time : 0 days, 0 hrs, 4 min, 19 sec │ cycles done : 2477 │< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > │ last new path : 0 days, 0 hrs, 2 min, 27 sec │ total paths : 3 │< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > │ last uniq crash : 0 days, 0 hrs, 4 min, 19 sec │ uniq crashes : 1 │< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > │ last uniq hang : 0 days, 0 hrs, 2 min, 12 sec │ uniq hangs : 1 │< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > ├─ cycle progress ────────────────────┬─ map coverage ─┴───────────────────────┤< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > │ now processing : 2 (66.67%) │ map density : 0.00% / 0.00% │< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > │ paths timed out : 0 (0.00%) │ count coverage : 1.00 bits/tuple │< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > ├─ stage progress ────────────────────┼─ findings in depth ────────────────────┤< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > │ now trying : havoc │ favored paths : 1 (33.33%) │< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > │ stage execs : 1433/1536 (93.29%) │ new edges on : 2 (66.67%) │< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > │ total execs : 2.32M │ total crashes : 93.1k (1 unique) │< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > │ exec speed : 0.00/sec (zzzz...) │ total tmouts : 8 (1 unique) │< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > ├─ fuzzing strategy yields ───────────┴───────────────┬─ path geometry ────────┤< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > │ bit flips : 0/1152, 0/1149, 0/1143 │ levels : 2 │< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > │ byte flips : 0/144, 0/14, 0/10 │ pending : 0 │< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > │ arithmetics : 0/888, 0/25, 0/0 │ pend fav : 0 │< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > │ known ints : 0/98, 0/390, 0/440 │ own finds : 1 │< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > │ dictionary : 0/0, 0/0, 0/0 │ imported : n/a │< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > │ havoc : 2/1.50M, 0/819k │ stability : 100.00% │< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > │ trim : 11.88%/64, 80.00% ├────────────────────────┘< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > └────────────────────────────────────────────────<EFBFBD> <EFBFBD>
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< p > 由上面AFL状态窗口： < br > ① Process timing:Fuzzer运行时长、以及距离最近发现的路径、崩溃和挂起（ ） < br > 已经运行4m19s， ， （ ） ， < / p >
< p > ② Overall results： < / p >
< p > ③ Cycle progress： ， ， < / p >
< p > ④ Map coverage： < / p >
< p > ⑤ Stage progress： < / p >
< p > ⑥ Findings in depth： ， < / p >
< p > ⑦ Fuzzing strategy yields： < / p >
< p > ⑧ Path geometry： < / p >
< p > ⑨ CPU load： < / p >
< h2 id = "afl何时结束" > < a href = "#afl何时结束" class = "headerlink" title = "afl何时结束" > < / a > afl何时结束< / h2 > < p > (1) 状态窗口中”cycles done”字段颜色变为绿色该字段的颜色可以作为何时停止测试的参考， ， ， ， ， < br > (2) 距上一次发现新路径（或者崩溃）已经过去很长时间< br > (3) 目标程序的代码几乎被测试用例完全覆盖< / p >
< h2 id = "处理输出结果" > < a href = "#处理输出结果" class = "headerlink" title = "处理输出结果" > < / a > 处理输出结果< / h2 > < blockquote >
< p > 确定造成这些crashes的bug是否可以利用， ？ < / p >
< / blockquote >
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< p > afl在fuzzing的过程中同时也产生了这些文件< br > < figure class = "highlight plain" > < table > < tr > < td class = "gutter" > < pre > < span class = "line" > 1< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 2< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 3< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 4< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 5< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 6< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 7< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 8< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 9< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 10< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 11< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 12< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 13< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 14< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < td class = "code" > < pre > < span class = "line" > $ tree ../vuln/out/< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > ../vuln/out/< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > ├── crashes< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > │ ├── id:000000,sig:11,src:000000,op:havoc,rep:64< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > │ └── README.txt< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > ├── fuzz_bitmap< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > ├── fuzzer_stats< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > ├── hangs< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > ├── plot_data< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > └── queue< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > ├── id:000000,orig:1< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > └── id:000001,orig:2< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 3 directories, 7 files< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < / tr > < / table > < / figure > < / p >
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< p > 在输出目录中创建了三个子目录并实时更新：< / p >
< ul >
< li > queue： < / li >
< li > crashes： （ ， ， ， ） < / li >
< li > hangs： ， < / li >
< li > 崩溃和挂起被视为“唯一” :如果相关的执行路径涉及在先前记录的故障中未见的任何状态转换。如果可以通过多种方式达到单个错误，那么在此过程中会有一些计数通货膨胀，但这应该会迅速逐渐减少。< / li >
< li > fuzzer_stats： < / li >
< li > plot_data： < / li >
< / ul >
< h2 id = "崩溃类型和可利用性" > < a href = "#崩溃类型和可利用性" class = "headerlink" title = "崩溃类型和可利用性" > < / a > 崩溃类型和可利用性< / h2 > < ol >
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< li > < p > triage_crashes< br > AFL源码的experimental目录中有一个名为triage_crashes.sh的脚本， ， ， ； ， ， < / p >
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< figure class = "highlight plain" > < table > < tr > < td class = "gutter" > < pre > < span class = "line" > 1< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 2< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < td class = "code" > < pre > < span class = "line" > $ experimental/crash_triage/triage_crashes.sh ../vuln/out/ ../vuln/v1-afl 2> & 1 | grep SIGNAL< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > +++ ID 000000, SIGNAL 11 +++< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < / tr > < / table > < / figure >
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< / li >
< li > < p > crashwalk< br > 如果你想得到更细致的crashes分类结果， ， ， ， ， ： < / p >
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< figure class = "highlight plain" > < table > < tr > < td class = "gutter" > < pre > < span class = "line" > 1< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 2< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 3< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 4< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 5< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 6< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 7< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 8< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < td class = "code" > < pre > < span class = "line" > $ apt-get install gdb golang< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > $ mkdir tools< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > $ cd tools< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > $ git clone https://github.com/jfoote/exploitable.git< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > $ mkdir go< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > $ export GOPATH=~/tools/go< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > $ export CW_EXPLOITABLE=~/tools/exploitable/exploitable/exploitable.py< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > $ go get -u github.com/bnagy/crashwalk/cmd/...< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < / tr > < / table > < / figure >
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< / li >
< / ol >
< ul >
< li style = "list-style: none" > < input type = "checkbox" > 这部分我好像还没完成< / li >
< / ul >
< ol start = "3" >
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< li > afl-collect< figure class = "highlight plain" > < table > < tr > < td class = "gutter" > < pre > < span class = "line" > 1< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 2< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 3< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 4< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 5< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < td class = "code" > < pre > < span class = "line" > $ afl-collect -d crashes.db -e gdb_script -j 8 -r ../vuln/out/ ../vuln/testcase -- ../vuln/v1-afl< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > *** GDB+EXPLOITABLE SCRIPT OUTPUT ***< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > [00001] out:id:000000,sig:11,src:000000,op:havoc,rep:64.................: EXPLOITABLE [ReturnAv (1/22)]< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > *** ***************************** ***< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < / tr > < / table > < / figure >
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< / li >
< / ol >
< hr >
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< h1 id = "0x02-代码覆盖率及其相关概念" > < a href = "#0x02-代码覆盖率及其相关概念" class = "headerlink" title = "0x02 代码覆盖率及其相关概念" > < / a > 0x02 代码覆盖率及其相关概念< / h1 > < blockquote >
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< p > 代码覆盖率是模糊测试中一个极其重要的概念， ， ， ， ， ， < br > 代码覆盖率是一种度量代码的覆盖程度的方式， ； ， ， ， （ ） （ ） （ ） < / p >
< / blockquote >
< h2 id = "计算代码覆盖率" > < a href = "#计算代码覆盖率" class = "headerlink" title = "计算代码覆盖率" > < / a > 计算代码覆盖率< / h2 > < p > < strong > GCOV< / strong > ：插桩生成覆盖率 < strong > LCOV< / strong > ：图形展示覆盖率 < strong > afl-cov< / strong > ： < / p >
< ol >
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< li > < p > gcc插桩< br > < strong > -fprofile-arcs -ftest-coverage< / strong > < / p >
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< figure class = "highlight plain" > < table > < tr > < td class = "gutter" > < pre > < span class = "line" > 1< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < td class = "code" > < pre > < span class = "line" > $ gcc -fprofile-arcs -ftest-coverage ./v1.c -o v1-cov< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < / tr > < / table > < / figure >
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< / li >
< li > < p > afl-cov计算之前fuzzer的过程（ ） < / p >
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< figure class = "highlight plain" > < table > < tr > < td class = "gutter" > < pre > < span class = "line" > 1< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 2< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 3< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 4< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 5< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 6< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 7< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 8< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 9< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 10< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 11< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 12< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 13< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 14< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 15< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 16< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 17< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 18< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 19< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 20< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 21< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 22< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 23< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 24< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 25< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 26< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 27< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 28< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 29< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 30< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 31< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 32< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 33< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 34< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 35< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 36< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 37< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 38< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 39< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < td class = "code" > < pre > < span class = "line" > $ ../afl-2.52b/afl-cov/afl-cov -d ./out/ --enable-branch-coverage -c . -e " cat AFL_FILE | ./v1-cov AFL_FILE" < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > Non-zero exit status ' 1' for CMD: /usr/bin/readelf -a cat< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > *** Imported 2 new test cases from: ./out//queue< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > [+] AFL test case: id:000000,orig:1 (0 / 2), cycle: 0< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > lines......: 100.0% (6 of 6 lines)< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > functions..: 100.0% (2 of 2 functions)< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > branches...: no data found< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > Coverage diff (init) id:000000,orig:1< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > diff (init) -> id:000000,orig:1< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > New src file: /home/han/ck/vuln/v1.c< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > New ' function' coverage: main()< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > New ' function' coverage: vulnerable_function()< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > New ' line' coverage: 11< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > New ' line' coverage: 12< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > New ' line' coverage: 13< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > New ' line' coverage: 6< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > New ' line' coverage: 8< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > New ' line' coverage: 9< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > ++++++ BEGIN - first exec output for CMD: cat ./out//queue/id:000000,orig:1 | ./v1-cov ./out//queue/id:000000,orig:1< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > Hello, World< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > ++++++ END< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > [+] AFL test case: id:000001,orig:2 (1 / 2), cycle: 0< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > lines......: 100.0% (6 of 6 lines)< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > functions..: 100.0% (2 of 2 functions)< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > branches...: no data found< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > [+] Processed 2 / 2 test cases.< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > [+] Final zero coverage report: ./out//cov/zero-cov< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > [+] Final positive coverage report: ./out//cov/pos-cov< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > lines......: 100.0% (6 of 6 lines)< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > functions..: 100.0% (2 of 2 functions)< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > branches...: no data found< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > [+] Final lcov web report: ./out//cov/web/index.html< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < / tr > < / table > < / figure >
2019-07-09 06:49:56 +00:00
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2019-07-16 09:15:34 +00:00
< h1 id = "0x03-黑盒测试（ > < a href = "#0x03-黑盒测试（ class = "headerlink" title = "0x03 黑盒测试（ > < / a > 0x03 黑盒测试（ < / h1 > < figure class = "highlight plain" > < table > < tr > < td class = "gutter" > < pre > < span class = "line" > 1< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 2< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 3< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 4< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 5< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 6< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 7< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 8< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 9< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 10< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 11< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 12< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 13< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 14< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 15< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 16< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 17< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 18< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 19< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 20< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 21< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 22< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 23< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 24< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 25< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < td class = "code" > < pre > < span class = "line" > $ ./afl-fuzz -i ../vuln/testcase/ -o ../vuln/outQemu -Q ../vuln/v1< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > american fuzzy lop 2.52b (v1)< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > ┌─ process timing ─────────────────────────────────────┬─ overall results ─────┐< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > │ run time : 0 days, 0 hrs, 0 min, 41 sec │ cycles done : 232 │< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > │ last new path : none yet (odd, check syntax!) │ total paths : 2 │< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > │ last uniq crash : 0 days, 0 hrs, 0 min, 41 sec │ uniq crashes : 1 │< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > │ last uniq hang : none seen yet │ uniq hangs : 0 │< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > ├─ cycle progress ────────────────────┬─ map coverage ─┴───────────────────────┤< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > │ now processing : 0* (0.00%) │ map density : 0.04% / 0.04% │< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > │ paths timed out : 0 (0.00%) │ count coverage : 1.00 bits/tuple │< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > ├─ stage progress ────────────────────┼─ findings in depth ────────────────────┤< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > │ now trying : havoc │ favored paths : 1 (50.00%) │< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > │ stage execs : 255/256 (99.61%) │ new edges on : 1 (50.00%) │< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > │ total execs : 121k │ total crashes : 33 (1 unique) │< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > │ exec speed : 2860/sec │ total tmouts : 0 (0 unique) │< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > ├─ fuzzing strategy yields ───────────┴───────────────┬─ path geometry ────────┤< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > │ bit flips : 0/56, 0/54, 0/50 │ levels : 1 │< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > │ byte flips : 0/7, 0/5, 0/1 │ pending : 0 │< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > │ arithmetics : 0/392, 0/25, 0/0 │ pend fav : 0 │< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > │ known ints : 0/36, 0/138, 0/44 │ own finds : 0 │< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > │ dictionary : 0/0, 0/0, 0/0 │ imported : n/a │< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > │ havoc : 1/120k, 0/0 │ stability : 100.00% │< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > │ trim : 82.61%/5, 0.00% ├────────────────────────┘< / span > < br > < span class = "lin
2019-07-09 06:49:56 +00:00
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// start loading animation
$("body")
.append('< div class = "search-popup-overlay local-search-pop-overlay" > ' +
'< div id = "search-loading-icon" > ' +
'< i class = "fa fa-spinner fa-pulse fa-5x fa-fw" > < / i > ' +
'< / div > ' +
'< / div > ')
.css('overflow', 'hidden');
$("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
$.ajax({
url: path,
dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
async: true,
success: function(res) {
// get the contents from search data
isfetched = true;
$('.popup').detach().appendTo('.header-inner');
var datas = isXml ? $("entry", res).map(function() {
return {
title: $("title", this).text(),
content: $("content",this).text(),
url: $("url" , this).text()
};
}).get() : res;
var input = document.getElementById(search_id);
var resultContent = document.getElementById(content_id);
var inputEventFunction = function() {
var searchText = input.value.trim().toLowerCase();
var keywords = searchText.split(/[\s\-]+/);
if (keywords.length > 1) {
keywords.push(searchText);
}
var resultItems = [];
if (searchText.length > 0) {
// perform local searching
datas.forEach(function(data) {
var isMatch = false;
var hitCount = 0;
var searchTextCount = 0;
var title = data.title.trim();
var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
var content = data.content.trim().replace(/< [^>]+>/g,"");
var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
var indexOfTitle = [];
var indexOfContent = [];
// only match articles with not empty titles
if(title != '') {
keywords.forEach(function(keyword) {
function getIndexByWord(word, text, caseSensitive) {
var wordLen = word.length;
if (wordLen === 0) {
return [];
}
var startPosition = 0, position = [], index = [];
if (!caseSensitive) {
text = text.toLowerCase();
word = word.toLowerCase();
}
while ((position = text.indexOf(word, startPosition)) > -1) {
index.push({position: position, word: word});
startPosition = position + wordLen;
}
return index;
}
indexOfTitle = indexOfTitle.concat(getIndexByWord(keyword, titleInLowerCase, false));
indexOfContent = indexOfContent.concat(getIndexByWord(keyword, contentInLowerCase, false));
});
if (indexOfTitle.length > 0 || indexOfContent.length > 0) {
isMatch = true;
hitCount = indexOfTitle.length + indexOfContent.length;
}
}
// show search results
if (isMatch) {
// sort index by position of keyword
[indexOfTitle, indexOfContent].forEach(function (index) {
index.sort(function (itemLeft, itemRight) {
if (itemRight.position !== itemLeft.position) {
return itemRight.position - itemLeft.position;
} else {
return itemLeft.word.length - itemRight.word.length;
}
});
});
// merge hits into slices
function mergeIntoSlice(text, start, end, index) {
var item = index[index.length - 1];
var position = item.position;
var word = item.word;
var hits = [];
var searchTextCountInSlice = 0;
while (position + word.length < = end & & index.length != 0) {
if (word === searchText) {
searchTextCountInSlice++;
}
hits.push({position: position, length: word.length});
var wordEnd = position + word.length;
// move to next position of hit
index.pop();
while (index.length != 0) {
item = index[index.length - 1];
position = item.position;
word = item.word;
if (wordEnd > position) {
index.pop();
} else {
break;
}
}
}
searchTextCount += searchTextCountInSlice;
return {
hits: hits,
start: start,
end: end,
searchTextCount: searchTextCountInSlice
};
}
var slicesOfTitle = [];
if (indexOfTitle.length != 0) {
slicesOfTitle.push(mergeIntoSlice(title, 0, title.length, indexOfTitle));
}
var slicesOfContent = [];
while (indexOfContent.length != 0) {
var item = indexOfContent[indexOfContent.length - 1];
var position = item.position;
var word = item.word;
// cut out 100 characters
var start = position - 20;
var end = position + 80;
if(start < 0 ) {
start = 0;
}
if (end < position + word . length ) {
end = position + word.length;
}
if(end > content.length){
end = content.length;
}
slicesOfContent.push(mergeIntoSlice(content, start, end, indexOfContent));
}
// sort slices in content by search text's count and hits' count
slicesOfContent.sort(function (sliceLeft, sliceRight) {
if (sliceLeft.searchTextCount !== sliceRight.searchTextCount) {
return sliceRight.searchTextCount - sliceLeft.searchTextCount;
} else if (sliceLeft.hits.length !== sliceRight.hits.length) {
return sliceRight.hits.length - sliceLeft.hits.length;
} else {
return sliceLeft.start - sliceRight.start;
}
});
// select top N slices in content
var upperBound = parseInt('1');
if (upperBound >= 0) {
slicesOfContent = slicesOfContent.slice(0, upperBound);
}
// highlight title and content
function highlightKeyword(text, slice) {
var result = '';
var prevEnd = slice.start;
slice.hits.forEach(function (hit) {
result += text.substring(prevEnd, hit.position);
var end = hit.position + hit.length;
result += '< b class = "search-keyword" > ' + text.substring(hit.position, end) + '< / b > ';
prevEnd = end;
});
result += text.substring(prevEnd, slice.end);
return result;
}
var resultItem = '';
if (slicesOfTitle.length != 0) {
resultItem += "< li > < a href = '" + articleUrl + "' class = 'search-result-title' > " + highlightKeyword(title, slicesOfTitle[0]) + "< / a > ";
} else {
resultItem += "< li > < a href = '" + articleUrl + "' class = 'search-result-title' > " + title + "< / a > ";
}
slicesOfContent.forEach(function (slice) {
resultItem += "< a href = '" + articleUrl + "' > " +
"< p class = \"search-result\" > " + highlightKeyword(content, slice) +
"...< / p > " + "< / a > ";
});
resultItem += "< / li > ";
resultItems.push({
item: resultItem,
searchTextCount: searchTextCount,
hitCount: hitCount,
id: resultItems.length
});
}
})
};
if (keywords.length === 1 & & keywords[0] === "") {
resultContent.innerHTML = '< div id = "no-result" > < i class = "fa fa-search fa-5x" / > < / div > '
} else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
resultContent.innerHTML = '< div id = "no-result" > < i class = "fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" / > < / div > '
} else {
resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
return resultRight.searchTextCount - resultLeft.searchTextCount;
} else if (resultLeft.hitCount !== resultRight.hitCount) {
return resultRight.hitCount - resultLeft.hitCount;
} else {
return resultRight.id - resultLeft.id;
}
});
var searchResultList = '< ul class = \"search-result-list\" > ';
resultItems.forEach(function (result) {
searchResultList += result.item;
})
searchResultList += "< / ul > ";
resultContent.innerHTML = searchResultList;
}
}
if ('auto' === 'auto') {
input.addEventListener('input', inputEventFunction);
} else {
$('.search-icon').click(inputEventFunction);
input.addEventListener('keypress', function (event) {
if (event.keyCode === 13) {
inputEventFunction();
}
});
}
// remove loading animation
$(".local-search-pop-overlay").remove();
$('body').css('overflow', '');
proceedsearch();
}
});
}
// handle and trigger popup window;
$('.popup-trigger').click(function(e) {
e.stopPropagation();
if (isfetched === false) {
searchFunc(path, 'local-search-input', 'local-search-result');
} else {
proceedsearch();
};
});
$('.popup-btn-close').click(onPopupClose);
$('.popup').click(function(e){
e.stopPropagation();
});
$(document).on('keyup', function (event) {
var shouldDismissSearchPopup = event.which === 27 & &
$('.search-popup').is(':visible');
if (shouldDismissSearchPopup) {
onPopupClose();
}
});
< / script >
< script src = "https://cdn1.lncld.net/static/js/av-core-mini-0.6.4.js" > < / script >
< script > AV . initialize ( "EWwoJgHNdlj6iBjiFlMcabUO-gzGzoHsz" , "x8FxDrYG79C8YFrTww9ljo8K" ) ; < / script >
< script >
function showTime(Counter) {
var query = new AV.Query(Counter);
var entries = [];
var $visitors = $(".leancloud_visitors");
$visitors.each(function () {
entries.push( $(this).attr("id").trim() );
});
query.containedIn('url', entries);
query.find()
.done(function (results) {
var COUNT_CONTAINER_REF = '.leancloud-visitors-count';
if (results.length === 0) {
$visitors.find(COUNT_CONTAINER_REF).text(0);
return;
}
for (var i = 0; i < results.length ; i + + ) {
var item = results[i];
var url = item.get('url');
var time = item.get('time');
var element = document.getElementById(url);
$(element).find(COUNT_CONTAINER_REF).text(time);
}
for(var i = 0; i < entries.length ; i + + ) {
var url = entries[i];
var element = document.getElementById(url);
var countSpan = $(element).find(COUNT_CONTAINER_REF);
if( countSpan.text() == '') {
countSpan.text(0);
}
}
})
.fail(function (object, error) {
console.log("Error: " + error.code + " " + error.message);
});
}
function addCount(Counter) {
var $visitors = $(".leancloud_visitors");
var url = $visitors.attr('id').trim();
var title = $visitors.attr('data-flag-title').trim();
var query = new AV.Query(Counter);
query.equalTo("url", url);
query.find({
success: function(results) {
if (results.length > 0) {
var counter = results[0];
counter.fetchWhenSave(true);
counter.increment("time");
counter.save(null, {
success: function(counter) {
var $element = $(document.getElementById(url));
$element.find('.leancloud-visitors-count').text(counter.get('time'));
},
error: function(counter, error) {
console.log('Failed to save Visitor num, with error message: ' + error.message);
}
});
} else {
var newcounter = new Counter();
/* Set ACL */
var acl = new AV.ACL();
acl.setPublicReadAccess(true);
acl.setPublicWriteAccess(true);
newcounter.setACL(acl);
/* End Set ACL */
newcounter.set("title", title);
newcounter.set("url", url);
newcounter.set("time", 1);
newcounter.save(null, {
success: function(newcounter) {
var $element = $(document.getElementById(url));
$element.find('.leancloud-visitors-count').text(newcounter.get('time'));
},
error: function(newcounter, error) {
console.log('Failed to create');
}
});
}
},
error: function(error) {
console.log('Error:' + error.code + " " + error.message);
}
});
}
$(function() {
var Counter = AV.Object.extend("Counter");
if ($('.leancloud_visitors').length == 1) {
addCount(Counter);
} else if ($('.post-title-link').length > 1) {
showTime(Counter);
}
});
< / script >
< script >
(function(){
var bp = document.createElement('script');
var curProtocol = window.location.protocol.split(':')[0];
if (curProtocol === 'https') {
bp.src = 'https://zz.bdstatic.com/linksubmit/push.js';
}
else {
bp.src = 'http://push.zhanzhang.baidu.com/push.js';
}
var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
})();
< / script >
< / body >
< / html >
