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< a class = "post-title-link" href = "/2019/03/16/cexindao/" itemprop = "url" > wwifi半双工侧信道攻击学习笔记< / a > < / h1 >
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< h1 id = "TCP侧信道分析及利用的学习报告" > < a href = "#TCP侧信道分析及利用的学习报告" class = "headerlink" title = "TCP侧信道分析及利用的学习报告" > < / a > TCP侧信道分析及利用的学习报告< / h1 > < h2 id = "背景知识" > < a href = "#背景知识" class = "headerlink" title = "背景知识" > < / a > 背景知识< / h2 > < h3 id = "测信道" > < a href = "#测信道" class = "headerlink" title = "测信道" > < / a > 测信道< / h3 > < p > < strong > 香农信息论< / strong > < / p >
< p > < img src = "./1.png" alt = "信息熵" > < / p >
< p > < strong > 什么是信息？< / strong > 用来减少随机不确定的东西< / p >
< p > < strong > 什么是加密？< / strong > 类似于加噪声，增加随机不确定性< / p >
< blockquote >
< p > “从密码分析者来看，一个保密系统几乎就是一个通信系统。待传的消息是统计事件，加密所用的密钥按概率选出，加密结果为密报，这是分析者可以利用的，类似于受扰信号。”< / p >
< / blockquote >
< p > < strong > 侧信道随之出现< / strong > 越过加密算法增加的随机不定性，从其他的渠道获取数据标签，确定信息内容。< / p >
< ol >
< li > 早期：采集加密电子设备在运行过程中的时间消耗、功率消耗或者电磁辐射消耗等边缘信息的差异性< / li >
< li > 而随着研究的深入， < / li >
< li > 并在Web应用交互信息传递越来越频繁时， < / li >
< / ol >
< p > < strong > 侧信道攻击的流程< / strong > 第一个就是侧信道泄露的截取，第二个是信息的恢复。< / p >
< hr >
< h3 id = "网络攻击" > < a href = "#网络攻击" class = "headerlink" title = "网络攻击" > < / a > 网络攻击< / h3 > < ol >
< li > 中间人攻击< blockquote >
< p > “指攻击者与通讯的两端分别创建独立的联系，并交换其所收到的数据，使通讯的两端认为他们正在通过一个私密的连接与对方直接对话，但事实上整个会话都被攻击者完全控制。”< / p >
< / blockquote >
< / li >
< / ol >
< p > < img src = "./2-Man_in_the_middle_attack.svg.png" alt > < / p >
< ul >
< li > 公共wifi、路由器劫持< / li >
< li > 一般使用加密来防御< / li >
< li > 加密的代价：维护密钥证书、影响功能（运营商无法做缓存）< / li >
< / ul >
< ol start = "2" >
< li > 非中间人攻击/偏离路径攻击/off-path attack< blockquote >
< p > 通信线路之外，攻击者看不到双方的消息，没办法截获和发送通信包。智能伪造成一方给另一方发消息。< / p >
< / blockquote >
< / li >
< / ol >
< ul >
< li > 攻击成功需要：消息合法+最先到达< / li >
< li > 防御措施： < br > 双方在通信前交换一个随机数，这个随机数在每次的通信中都要被附带，而中间人看不见这个随机数，因此伪造的消息被认为不合法。< / li >
< li > 攻击者如何得到这个随机数：侧信道< / li >
< / ul >
< hr >
< h3 id = "TCP三次握手" > < a href = "#TCP三次握手" class = "headerlink" title = "TCP三次握手" > < / a > TCP三次握手< / h3 > < p > < img src = "./3-Connection_TCP.png" alt > < / p >
< blockquote >
< ol >
< li > 客户端通过向服务器端发送一个SYN来创建一个主动打开， < em > 随机数A< / em > 。< / li >
< li > 服务器端应当为一个合法的SYN回送一个SYN/ACK。ACK的确认码应为A+1， < em > 随机产生的序号B< / em > 。< / li >
< li > 最后， ， ， ， < / li >
< / ol >
< / blockquote >
< p > 通过三次握手，确定对方不是非中间人< / p >
< p > < strong > < em > TCP序列号的问题< / em > < / strong > < / p >
< table >
< thead >
< tr >
< th style = "text-align:center" > 1985< / th >
< th style = "text-align:center" > 1995< / th >
< th style = "text-align:center" > 2001< / th >
< th style = "text-align:center" > 2004< / th >
< th style = "text-align:center" > 2007< / th >
< th style = "text-align:center" > 2012< / th >
< th style = "text-align:center" > 2012< / th >
< th style = "text-align:center" > 2016< / th >
< / tr >
< / thead >
< tbody >
< tr >
< td style = "text-align:center" > Morris< / td >
< td style = "text-align:center" > Mitnik< / td >
< td style = "text-align:center" > Zalewsky< / td >
< td style = "text-align:center" > Waston< / td >
< td style = "text-align:center" > kLM< / td >
< td style = "text-align:center" > Herzberg< / td >
< td style = "text-align:center" > 作者< / td >
< td style = "text-align:center" > 作者< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td style = "text-align:center" > 初始序列可预测< / td >
< td style = "text-align:center" > 真实利用< / td >
< td style = "text-align:center" > 漏洞仍在< / td >
< td style = "text-align:center" > BGP DoS< / td >
< td style = "text-align:center" > Windows攻击< / td >
< td style = "text-align:center" > Puppet-assisted< / td >
< td style = "text-align:center" > Malware-assisted< / td >
< td style = "text-align:center" > off-path attack< / td >
< / tr >
< / tbody >
< / table >
< ol >
< li > 90年代时发现并不随机： < / li >
< li > 2007年在windows场景下用IDID侧信道猜出序列号： ， < / li >
< / ol >
< hr >
< h2 id = "Malware-assisted" > < a href = "#Malware-assisted" class = "headerlink" title = "Malware-assisted" > < / a > Malware-assisted< / h2 > < p > < strong > 攻击模型：< / strong > < br > 给受害者安装一个无特权的应用程序（ ） ， ， < br > < img src = "./5-攻击模型.PNG" alt > < / p >
< p > < strong > 如何劫持TCP< / strong > < / p >
< ol >
< li > < p > 需要的信息： ， ， < br > 使用netstat命令获取： < br > < img src = "./4-netstat获取信息.jpg" alt > < / p >
< / li >
< li > < p > 任务： ， < / p >
< / li >
< li > 如何验证序列号正确：通过某种侧信道，这个恶意软件在后台可以提供反馈。< / li >
< / ol >
< h3 id = "变种一：防火墙" > < a href = "#变种一：防火墙" class = "headerlink" title = "变种一：防火墙" > < / a > 变种一：防火墙< / h3 > < p > < strong > 攻击过程：< / strong > TCP三次握手之后产生A和B， ， ， ， ， < / p >
< p > < strong > 具体侧信道方案：< / strong > CPU资源使用率（ ） > TCP计数器（ ） > 低噪音计数器：包被丢掉时，一个相应的错误计数器。< / p >
< p > < strong > 解决方法：< / strong > 关闭防火墙检查序列号的功能< / p >
< h3 id = "变种二：无防火墙" > < a href = "#变种二：无防火墙" class = "headerlink" title = "变种二：无防火墙" > < / a > 变种二：无防火墙< / h3 > < p > 具体侧信道方案： ， < br > 影响范围： < / p >
< hr >
< h2 id = "Pure-off-path-无恶意软件协助" > < a href = "#Pure-off-path-无恶意软件协助" class = "headerlink" title = "Pure off-path:无恶意软件协助" > < / a > Pure off-path:无恶意软件协助< / h2 > < blockquote >
< p > 不植入恶意软件， ： ， < / p >
< / blockquote >
< h3 id = "Global-Rate-Limit" > < a href = "#Global-Rate-Limit" class = "headerlink" title = "Global Rate Limit" > < / a > Global Rate Limit< / h3 > < blockquote >
< p > USENIX 2016 : Off-Path TCP Exploits: Global Rate Limit Considered Dangerous< / p >
< / blockquote >
< p > < strong > 侧信道：< / strong > 所有的侧信道， ， < strong > < em > 服务器上< / em > < / strong > 的共享资源，< strong > < em > 限速器< / em > < / strong > （ ） （ ） < / p >
< p > < strong > 如何利用共享限速器：< / strong > < br > 先判断是否建立了连接。然后伪造TCP包， ， ， ， ， （ ） ； ， < / p >
< p > < img src = "./6-GRL-R.png" alt > < / p >
< p > < img src = "./7-GRL-L.png" alt > < / p >
< p > < strong > 评估：< / strong > 是否建立了连接：< 10s ; Seq： ； < 10s< / p >
< p > < strong > 解决方案：< / strong > 1. 加噪音， ； < / p >
< hr >
< h3 id = "Unfixable-WiFi-timing" > < a href = "#Unfixable-WiFi-timing" class = "headerlink" title = "Unfixable WiFi timing" > < / a > Unfixable WiFi timing< / h3 > < blockquote >
< p > USENIX 2018 : Off-Path TCP Exploit: How Wireless Routers< br > Can Jeopardize Your Secrets< br > 之前的漏洞无论是计数器还是限速器都属于软件，很好更正，但这篇文章的漏洞利用无法修复。< / p >
< / blockquote >
< p > < strong > TCP收包的原理： < / strong > 通常TCP收包要看这个包是否匹配了当前的某一个连接。如果连接匹配上了， ； ， ， ； ， ， ， < br > < img src = "./8-收包原理.jpg" alt > < / p >
< p > < strong > 侧信道：< / strong > 攻击者伪装成服务器给客户端发包，正确的序列号会有< strong > < em > 回复< / em > < / strong > ，错误则没有。但回复时发送给服务器的，有没有回复攻击者并不知道。那么如何去判断有没有回复，利用无线网络的 < strong > < em > 半双工< / em > < / strong > 传输。< br > 让有回包和没有回包的时间差异放大。< / p >
< p > < strong > 判断流程：< / strong > 客户端和路由器之间wifi通信。攻击者依次发送三个数据包， ， ， ， ， < br > < img src = "./8-noTrigger.PNG" alt > < / p >
< p > < img src = "./8-trigger.PNG" alt > < / p >
< p > < strong > 评估：< / strong > 在本地环境下， ， < / p >
< p > < strong > 攻击应用：< / strong > < br > < strong > 1. 攻击模型：< / strong > 受害者访问了我们的钓鱼网站， （ ） ， （ ） ， < / p >
< blockquote >
< p > 与理想情况的不同： ； < / p >
< / blockquote >
< pre > < code > Attacker -------wire----------|
Router ---------wireless-------Victim (client)
Server -------wire----------|
< / code > < / pre > < p > < strong > 2. 攻击目标：< / strong > 推断出客户端和服务器是否建立了连接； ； （ ） ， ， ， < / p >
< p > < strong > 3. 攻击过程：< / strong > 假设傀儡已经建立了连接， （ ） ， ， ， ， ， ， ， < / p >
< p > < strong > 4. 细节：< / strong > < / p >
< ul >
< li > < strong > 连接（四元组）推断：< / strong > 每一轮使用30个重复包测试一个端口， ， < strong > < em > web缓存投毒< / em > < / strong > ，还需要傀儡初始化连接来协助，根据系统不同，有不同的端口选择算法可以优化：< strong > < em > windows& macOS< / em > < / strong > 使用全局和顺序端口分配策略为其TCP连接选择短暂的端口号， ， < strong > < em > NAT< / em > < / strong > 端口保留，不需要关心外部端口被转换成不可预知的内部端口。< strong > < em > 来自同一域名的多个IP地址< / em > < / strong > ，这意味着攻击者需要付出更大的代价来推断端口号。< / li >
< li > < strong > 序列号推断：< / strong > 通过利用时序侧信道来判断是否存在相应的响应，从而将窗口序列号与窗外序列号区分开来。一旦我们得到一个 < strong > < em > 窗口内序列号< / em > < / strong > ，通过进行二分搜索进一步将序列号空间缩小到单个值 < strong > < em > RCV.NXT< / em > < / strong > 。如果还要使用傀儡建立的连接发起web缓存投毒， ： < strong > < em > 增大接收窗口的大小< / em > < / strong > ， ， ， < br > < img src = "./9-序列号推断.PNG" alt > < / li >
< li > < p > < strong > TCP劫持： < / strong > 通过劫持傀儡初始化的连接， ， < strong > < em > windows< / em > < / strong > ： ， < br > 因此， ， < strong > < em > （ ） < / em > < / strong > ， ， ， ， ， ， < / p >
< figure class = "highlight plain" > < table > < tr > < td class = "gutter" > < pre > < span class = "line" > 1< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < td class = "code" > < pre > < span class = "line" > websocket.send(|wnd|*i)< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < / tr > < / table > < / figure >
< p > 因此， ， ， ， < br > < img src = "./9-http注入.PNG" alt > < br > < strong > < em > （ ） < / em > < / strong > ， ， ， （ ） ， < br > 此外， ， ， （ ） ， ， ， ， < / p >
< / li >
< / ul >
< hr >
< h2 id = "Discussion" > < a href = "#Discussion" class = "headerlink" title = "Discussion" > < / a > Discussion< / h2 > < p > 时序侧信道来自无线网络的半双工性质。由于无线协议中固有的冲突和回退， ， ， < br > 虽然作者只讨论威胁模型， ， （ ， ） ， （ ） < br > 此外， ， ， ， ， ， ， < / p >
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< a class = "post-title-link" href = "/2019/03/16/wwifi半双工侧信道攻击学习笔记/" itemprop = "url" > wwifi半双工侧信道攻击学习笔记< / a > < / h1 >
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2019-03-16
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< h1 id = "TCP侧信道分析及利用的学习报告" > < a href = "#TCP侧信道分析及利用的学习报告" class = "headerlink" title = "TCP侧信道分析及利用的学习报告" > < / a > TCP侧信道分析及利用的学习报告< / h1 > < h2 id = "背景知识" > < a href = "#背景知识" class = "headerlink" title = "背景知识" > < / a > 背景知识< / h2 > < h3 id = "测信道" > < a href = "#测信道" class = "headerlink" title = "测信道" > < / a > 测信道< / h3 > < p > < strong > 香农信息论< / strong > < / p >
< p > < img src = "./1.png" alt = "信息熵" > < / p >
< p > < strong > 什么是信息？< / strong > 用来减少随机不确定的东西< / p >
< p > < strong > 什么是加密？< / strong > 类似于加噪声，增加随机不确定性< / p >
< blockquote >
< p > “从密码分析者来看，一个保密系统几乎就是一个通信系统。待传的消息是统计事件，加密所用的密钥按概率选出，加密结果为密报，这是分析者可以利用的，类似于受扰信号。”< / p >
< / blockquote >
< p > < strong > 侧信道随之出现< / strong > 越过加密算法增加的随机不定性，从其他的渠道获取数据标签，确定信息内容。< / p >
< ol >
< li > 早期：采集加密电子设备在运行过程中的时间消耗、功率消耗或者电磁辐射消耗等边缘信息的差异性< / li >
< li > 而随着研究的深入， < / li >
< li > 并在Web应用交互信息传递越来越频繁时， < / li >
< / ol >
< p > < strong > 侧信道攻击的流程< / strong > 第一个就是侧信道泄露的截取，第二个是信息的恢复。< / p >
< hr >
< h3 id = "网络攻击" > < a href = "#网络攻击" class = "headerlink" title = "网络攻击" > < / a > 网络攻击< / h3 > < ol >
< li > 中间人攻击< blockquote >
< p > “指攻击者与通讯的两端分别创建独立的联系，并交换其所收到的数据，使通讯的两端认为他们正在通过一个私密的连接与对方直接对话，但事实上整个会话都被攻击者完全控制。”< / p >
< / blockquote >
< / li >
< / ol >
< p > < img src = "./2-Man_in_the_middle_attack.svg.png" alt > < / p >
< ul >
< li > 公共wifi、路由器劫持< / li >
< li > 一般使用加密来防御< / li >
< li > 加密的代价：维护密钥证书、影响功能（运营商无法做缓存）< / li >
< / ul >
< ol start = "2" >
< li > 非中间人攻击/偏离路径攻击/off-path attack< blockquote >
< p > 通信线路之外，攻击者看不到双方的消息，没办法截获和发送通信包。智能伪造成一方给另一方发消息。< / p >
< / blockquote >
< / li >
< / ol >
< ul >
< li > 攻击成功需要：消息合法+最先到达< / li >
< li > 防御措施： < br > 双方在通信前交换一个随机数，这个随机数在每次的通信中都要被附带，而中间人看不见这个随机数，因此伪造的消息被认为不合法。< / li >
< li > 攻击者如何得到这个随机数：侧信道< / li >
< / ul >
< hr >
< h3 id = "TCP三次握手" > < a href = "#TCP三次握手" class = "headerlink" title = "TCP三次握手" > < / a > TCP三次握手< / h3 > < p > < img src = "./3-Connection_TCP.png" alt > < / p >
< blockquote >
< ol >
< li > 客户端通过向服务器端发送一个SYN来创建一个主动打开， < em > 随机数A< / em > 。< / li >
< li > 服务器端应当为一个合法的SYN回送一个SYN/ACK。ACK的确认码应为A+1， < em > 随机产生的序号B< / em > 。< / li >
< li > 最后， ， ， ， < / li >
< / ol >
< / blockquote >
< p > 通过三次握手，确定对方不是非中间人< / p >
< p > < strong > < em > TCP序列号的问题< / em > < / strong > < / p >
< table >
< thead >
< tr >
< th style = "text-align:center" > 1985< / th >
< th style = "text-align:center" > 1995< / th >
< th style = "text-align:center" > 2001< / th >
< th style = "text-align:center" > 2004< / th >
< th style = "text-align:center" > 2007< / th >
< th style = "text-align:center" > 2012< / th >
< th style = "text-align:center" > 2012< / th >
< th style = "text-align:center" > 2016< / th >
< / tr >
< / thead >
< tbody >
< tr >
< td style = "text-align:center" > Morris< / td >
< td style = "text-align:center" > Mitnik< / td >
< td style = "text-align:center" > Zalewsky< / td >
< td style = "text-align:center" > Waston< / td >
< td style = "text-align:center" > kLM< / td >
< td style = "text-align:center" > Herzberg< / td >
< td style = "text-align:center" > 作者< / td >
< td style = "text-align:center" > 作者< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td style = "text-align:center" > 初始序列可预测< / td >
< td style = "text-align:center" > 真实利用< / td >
< td style = "text-align:center" > 漏洞仍在< / td >
< td style = "text-align:center" > BGP DoS< / td >
< td style = "text-align:center" > Windows攻击< / td >
< td style = "text-align:center" > Puppet-assisted< / td >
< td style = "text-align:center" > Malware-assisted< / td >
< td style = "text-align:center" > off-path attack< / td >
< / tr >
< / tbody >
< / table >
< ol >
< li > 90年代时发现并不随机： < / li >
< li > 2007年在windows场景下用IDID侧信道猜出序列号： ， < / li >
< / ol >
< hr >
< h2 id = "Malware-assisted" > < a href = "#Malware-assisted" class = "headerlink" title = "Malware-assisted" > < / a > Malware-assisted< / h2 > < p > < strong > 攻击模型：< / strong > < br > 给受害者安装一个无特权的应用程序（ ） ， ， < br > < img src = "./5-攻击模型.PNG" alt > < / p >
< p > < strong > 如何劫持TCP< / strong > < / p >
< ol >
< li > < p > 需要的信息： ， ， < br > 使用netstat命令获取： < br > < img src = "./4-netstat获取信息.jpg" alt > < / p >
< / li >
< li > < p > 任务： ， < / p >
< / li >
< li > 如何验证序列号正确：通过某种侧信道，这个恶意软件在后台可以提供反馈。< / li >
< / ol >
< h3 id = "变种一：防火墙" > < a href = "#变种一：防火墙" class = "headerlink" title = "变种一：防火墙" > < / a > 变种一：防火墙< / h3 > < p > < strong > 攻击过程：< / strong > TCP三次握手之后产生A和B， ， ， ， ， < / p >
< p > < strong > 具体侧信道方案：< / strong > CPU资源使用率（ ） > TCP计数器（ ） > 低噪音计数器：包被丢掉时，一个相应的错误计数器。< / p >
< p > < strong > 解决方法：< / strong > 关闭防火墙检查序列号的功能< / p >
< h3 id = "变种二：无防火墙" > < a href = "#变种二：无防火墙" class = "headerlink" title = "变种二：无防火墙" > < / a > 变种二：无防火墙< / h3 > < p > 具体侧信道方案： ， < br > 影响范围： < / p >
< hr >
< h2 id = "Pure-off-path-无恶意软件协助" > < a href = "#Pure-off-path-无恶意软件协助" class = "headerlink" title = "Pure off-path:无恶意软件协助" > < / a > Pure off-path:无恶意软件协助< / h2 > < blockquote >
< p > 不植入恶意软件， ： ， < / p >
< / blockquote >
< h3 id = "Global-Rate-Limit" > < a href = "#Global-Rate-Limit" class = "headerlink" title = "Global Rate Limit" > < / a > Global Rate Limit< / h3 > < blockquote >
< p > USENIX 2016 : Off-Path TCP Exploits: Global Rate Limit Considered Dangerous< / p >
< / blockquote >
< p > < strong > 侧信道：< / strong > 所有的侧信道， ， < strong > < em > 服务器上< / em > < / strong > 的共享资源，< strong > < em > 限速器< / em > < / strong > （ ） （ ） < / p >
< p > < strong > 如何利用共享限速器：< / strong > < br > 先判断是否建立了连接。然后伪造TCP包， ， ， ， ， （ ） ； ， < / p >
< p > < img src = "./6-GRL-R.png" alt > < / p >
< p > < img src = "./7-GRL-L.png" alt > < / p >
< p > < strong > 评估：< / strong > 是否建立了连接：< 10s ; Seq： ； < 10s< / p >
< p > < strong > 解决方案：< / strong > 1. 加噪音， ； < / p >
< hr >
< h3 id = "Unfixable-WiFi-timing" > < a href = "#Unfixable-WiFi-timing" class = "headerlink" title = "Unfixable WiFi timing" > < / a > Unfixable WiFi timing< / h3 > < blockquote >
< p > USENIX 2018 : Off-Path TCP Exploit: How Wireless Routers< br > Can Jeopardize Your Secrets< br > 之前的漏洞无论是计数器还是限速器都属于软件，很好更正，但这篇文章的漏洞利用无法修复。< / p >
< / blockquote >
< p > < strong > TCP收包的原理： < / strong > 通常TCP收包要看这个包是否匹配了当前的某一个连接。如果连接匹配上了， ； ， ， ； ， ， ， < br > < img src = "./8-收包原理.jpg" alt > < / p >
< p > < strong > 侧信道：< / strong > 攻击者伪装成服务器给客户端发包，正确的序列号会有< strong > < em > 回复< / em > < / strong > ，错误则没有。但回复时发送给服务器的，有没有回复攻击者并不知道。那么如何去判断有没有回复，利用无线网络的 < strong > < em > 半双工< / em > < / strong > 传输。< br > 让有回包和没有回包的时间差异放大。< / p >
< p > < strong > 判断流程：< / strong > 客户端和路由器之间wifi通信。攻击者依次发送三个数据包， ， ， ， ， < br > < img src = "./8-noTrigger.PNG" alt > < / p >
< p > < img src = "./8-trigger.PNG" alt > < / p >
< p > < strong > 评估：< / strong > 在本地环境下， ， < / p >
< p > < strong > 攻击应用：< / strong > < br > < strong > 1. 攻击模型：< / strong > 受害者访问了我们的钓鱼网站， （ ） ， （ ） ， < / p >
< blockquote >
< p > 与理想情况的不同： ； < / p >
< / blockquote >
< pre > < code > Attacker -------wire----------|
Router ---------wireless-------Victim (client)
Server -------wire----------|
< / code > < / pre > < p > < strong > 2. 攻击目标：< / strong > 推断出客户端和服务器是否建立了连接； ； （ ） ， ， ， < / p >
< p > < strong > 3. 攻击过程：< / strong > 假设傀儡已经建立了连接， （ ） ， ， ， ， ， ， ， < / p >
< p > < strong > 4. 细节：< / strong > < / p >
< ul >
< li > < strong > 连接（四元组）推断：< / strong > 每一轮使用30个重复包测试一个端口， ， < strong > < em > web缓存投毒< / em > < / strong > ，还需要傀儡初始化连接来协助，根据系统不同，有不同的端口选择算法可以优化：< strong > < em > windows& macOS< / em > < / strong > 使用全局和顺序端口分配策略为其TCP连接选择短暂的端口号， ， < strong > < em > NAT< / em > < / strong > 端口保留，不需要关心外部端口被转换成不可预知的内部端口。< strong > < em > 来自同一域名的多个IP地址< / em > < / strong > ，这意味着攻击者需要付出更大的代价来推断端口号。< / li >
< li > < strong > 序列号推断：< / strong > 通过利用时序侧信道来判断是否存在相应的响应，从而将窗口序列号与窗外序列号区分开来。一旦我们得到一个 < strong > < em > 窗口内序列号< / em > < / strong > ，通过进行二分搜索进一步将序列号空间缩小到单个值 < strong > < em > RCV.NXT< / em > < / strong > 。如果还要使用傀儡建立的连接发起web缓存投毒， ： < strong > < em > 增大接收窗口的大小< / em > < / strong > ， ， ， < br > < img src = "./9-序列号推断.PNG" alt > < / li >
< li > < p > < strong > TCP劫持： < / strong > 通过劫持傀儡初始化的连接， ， < strong > < em > windows< / em > < / strong > ： ， < br > 因此， ， < strong > < em > （ ） < / em > < / strong > ， ， ， ， ， ， < / p >
< figure class = "highlight plain" > < table > < tr > < td class = "gutter" > < pre > < span class = "line" > 1< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < td class = "code" > < pre > < span class = "line" > websocket.send(|wnd|*i)< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < / tr > < / table > < / figure >
< p > 因此， ， ， ， < br > < img src = "./9-http注入.PNG" alt > < br > < strong > < em > （ ） < / em > < / strong > ， ， ， （ ） ， < br > 此外， ， ， （ ） ， ， ， ， < / p >
< / li >
< / ul >
< hr >
< h2 id = "Discussion" > < a href = "#Discussion" class = "headerlink" title = "Discussion" > < / a > Discussion< / h2 > < p > 时序侧信道来自无线网络的半双工性质。由于无线协议中固有的冲突和回退， ， ， < br > 虽然作者只讨论威胁模型， ， （ ， ） ， （ ） < br > 此外， ， ， ， ， ， ， < / p >
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2019-03-16 07:29:06 +00:00
< a class = "post-title-link" href = "/2019/03/16/My-First-Post/" itemprop = "url" > 小米固件工具mkxqimage< / a > < / h1 >
2019-03-16 07:24:51 +00:00
< div class = "post-meta" >
< span class = "post-time" >
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2019-03-16
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2019-03-16 07:24:51 +00:00
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< h1 id = "小米固件工具mkxqimage" > < a href = "#小米固件工具mkxqimage" class = "headerlink" title = "小米固件工具mkxqimage" > < / a > 小米固件工具mkxqimage< / h1 > < p > 小米自己改了个打包解包固件的工具，基于 trx 改的（本质上还是 trx 格式），加了 RSA 验证和解包功能，路由系统里自带：< br > < figure class = "highlight plain" > < table > < tr > < td class = "gutter" > < pre > < span class = "line" > 1< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 2< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 3< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 4< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < td class = "code" > < pre > < span class = "line" > Usage:< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > mkxqimg [-o outfile] [-p private_key] [-f file] [-f file [-f file [-f file ]]]< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > [-x file]< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > [-I]< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < / tr > < / table > < / figure > < / p >
< h2 id = "固件解包" > < a href = "#固件解包" class = "headerlink" title = "固件解包" > < / a > 固件解包< / h2 > < p > 固件工具mkxqimage完成对固件的解包， ， ， ， < / p >
< h2 id = "固件打包" > < a href = "#固件打包" class = "headerlink" title = "固件打包" > < / a > 固件打包< / h2 > < p > 小米官方在打包固件时用RSA私钥计算出固件的RSA签名， ， < / p >
< h2 id = "固件格式" > < a href = "#固件格式" class = "headerlink" title = "固件格式" > < / a > < a href = "http://www.iptvfans.cn/wiki/index.php/%E5%B0%8F%E7%B1%B3%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E5%99%A8%E5%9B%BA%E4%BB%B6%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" target = "_blank" rel = "noopener" > 固件格式< / a > < / h2 > < p > 路由固件的格式，基本是基于 openwrt 的 trx 这个简单的二进制文件格式< br > < figure class = "highlight plain" > < table > < tr > < td class = "gutter" > < pre > < span class = "line" > 1< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 2< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 3< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < td class = "code" > < pre > < span class = "line" > 48 44 52 30 63 D4 11 03 FE 3D 1A FD 05 00 02 00< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 20 00 00 00 20 00 FE 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > FF 04 00 EA 14 F0 9F E5 14 F0 9F E5 14 F0 9F E5< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < / tr > < / table > < / figure > < / p >
< p > 第1～ ： ， ； < br > 第5～ ： ， ： ； < br > 第9~12字节： ； < br > 第13～ ： ， ； < br > 第15～ ： ， ； < br > 第17～ ： ， ， ， ； < br > 第21～ ： ， ， ， ； < br > 第33字节开始是固件的正式内容开始。< / p >
< h2 id = "小米开启ssh工具包" > < a href = "#小米开启ssh工具包" class = "headerlink" title = "小米开启ssh工具包" > < / a > 小米开启ssh工具包< / h2 > < p > 使用mkxqimage解包< br > （现在会提示秘钥不存在）< br > < figure class = "highlight plain" > < table > < tr > < td class = "gutter" > < pre > < span class = "line" > 1< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 2< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < td class = "code" > < pre > < span class = "line" > error fopen public key< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > Image verify failed, not formal image< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < / tr > < / table > < / figure > < / p >
< p > 如果能解包应该可以得到脚本文件upsetting.sh< / p >
< figure class = "highlight plain" > < table > < tr > < td class = "gutter" > < pre > < span class = "line" > 1< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 2< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 3< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 4< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < td class = "code" > < pre > < span class = "line" > #!/bin/sh< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > nvram set ssh_en=1< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > nvram set flag_init_root_pwd=1< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > nvram commit< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < / tr > < / table > < / figure >
< p > 执行脚本文件upsetting.sh后， ， ， ， ， ： < br > < figure class = "highlight plain" > < table > < tr > < td class = "gutter" > < pre > < span class = "line" > 1< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 2< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 3< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 4< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 5< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 6< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 7< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < td class = "code" > < pre > < span class = "line" > flg_init_pwd=`nvram get flag_init_root_pwd`< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > if [ " $flg_init_pwd" = " 1" ]; then< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > init_pwd=`mkxqimage -I`< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > (echo $init_pwd; sleep 1; echo $init_pwd) | passwd root< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > nvram unset flag_init_root_pwd< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > nvram commit< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > fi< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < / tr > < / table > < / figure > < / p >
< p > 初始密码是mkxqimage -I的结果， ， ， ： < / p >
< p > 初始密码计算算法为：< / p >
< p > < code > substr(md5(SN+" A2E371B0-B34B-48A5-8C40-A7133F3B5D88" ), 0, 8)< / code > < / p >
< p > < strong > < em > A2E371B0-B34B-48A5-8C40-A7133F3B5D88< / em > < / strong > 为分析mkxqimage得到的salt< / p >
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2019-03-16
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< p > Welcome to < a href = "https://hexo.io/" target = "_blank" rel = "noopener" > Hexo< / a > ! This is your very first post. Check < a href = "https://hexo.io/docs/" target = "_blank" rel = "noopener" > documentation< / a > for more info. If you get any problems when using Hexo, you can find the answer in < a href = "https://hexo.io/docs/troubleshooting.html" target = "_blank" rel = "noopener" > troubleshooting< / a > or you can ask me on < a href = "https://github.com/hexojs/hexo/issues" target = "_blank" rel = "noopener" > GitHub< / a > .< / p >
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< h2 id = "Quick-Start" > < a href = "#Quick-Start" class = "headerlink" title = "Quick Start" > < / a > Quick Start< / h2 > < h3 id = "Create-a-new-post" > < a href = "#Create-a-new-post" class = "headerlink" title = "Create a new post" > < / a > Create a new post< / h3 > < figure class = "highlight bash" > < table > < tr > < td class = "gutter" > < pre > < span class = "line" > 1< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < td class = "code" > < pre > < span class = "line" > $ hexo new < span class = "string" > "My New Post"< / span > < / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < / tr > < / table > < / figure >
< p > More info: < a href = "https://hexo.io/docs/writing.html" target = "_blank" rel = "noopener" > Writing< / a > < / p >
< h3 id = "Run-server" > < a href = "#Run-server" class = "headerlink" title = "Run server" > < / a > Run server< / h3 > < figure class = "highlight bash" > < table > < tr > < td class = "gutter" > < pre > < span class = "line" > 1< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < td class = "code" > < pre > < span class = "line" > $ hexo server< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < / tr > < / table > < / figure >
< p > More info: < a href = "https://hexo.io/docs/server.html" target = "_blank" rel = "noopener" > Server< / a > < / p >
< h3 id = "Generate-static-files" > < a href = "#Generate-static-files" class = "headerlink" title = "Generate static files" > < / a > Generate static files< / h3 > < figure class = "highlight bash" > < table > < tr > < td class = "gutter" > < pre > < span class = "line" > 1< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < td class = "code" > < pre > < span class = "line" > $ hexo generate< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < / tr > < / table > < / figure >
< p > More info: < a href = "https://hexo.io/docs/generating.html" target = "_blank" rel = "noopener" > Generating< / a > < / p >
< h3 id = "Deploy-to-remote-sites" > < a href = "#Deploy-to-remote-sites" class = "headerlink" title = "Deploy to remote sites" > < / a > Deploy to remote sites< / h3 > < figure class = "highlight bash" > < table > < tr > < td class = "gutter" > < pre > < span class = "line" > 1< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < td class = "code" > < pre > < span class = "line" > $ hexo deploy< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < / tr > < / table > < / figure >
< p > More info: < a href = "https://hexo.io/docs/deployment.html" target = "_blank" rel = "noopener" > Deployment< / a > < / p >
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< div class = "powered-by" > 由 < a class = "theme-link" target = "_blank" href = "https://hexo.io" > Hexo< / a > 强力驱动< / div >
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< div class = "theme-info" > 主题 — < a class = "theme-link" target = "_blank" href = "https://github.com/iissnan/hexo-theme-next" > NexT.Muse< / a > v5.1.4< / div >
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