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< h1 id = "TCP侧信道分析及利用的学习报告" > < a href = "#TCP侧信道分析及利用的学习报告" class = "headerlink" title = "TCP侧信道分析及利用的学习报告" > < / a > TCP侧信道分析及利用的学习报告< / h1 > < p > < strong > < em > 论文来源：< / em > < / strong > USENIX SECURITY 2018： < br > < strong > < em > 下载：< / em > < / strong > < br > < a href = "https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity18/presentation/chen-weiteng" target = "_blank" rel = "noopener" > 原文pdf< / a > < br > < a href = "https://res.cloudinary.com/dozyfkbg3/raw/upload/v1553316881/ARE/wifi.pptx" target = "_blank" rel = "noopener" > 中文slides< / a > < / p >
< h2 id = "背景知识" > < a href = "#背景知识" class = "headerlink" title = "背景知识" > < / a > 背景知识< / h2 > < h3 id = "测信道" > < a href = "#测信道" class = "headerlink" title = "测信道" > < / a > 测信道< / h3 > < p > < strong > 香农信息论< / strong > < / p >
< p > < img src = "./1.png" alt = "信息熵" > < / p >
< p > < strong > 什么是信息？< / strong > 用来减少随机不确定的东西< / p >
< p > < strong > 什么是加密？< / strong > 类似于加噪声，增加随机不确定性< / p >
< blockquote >
< p > “从密码分析者来看，一个保密系统几乎就是一个通信系统。待传的消息是统计事件，加密所用的密钥按概率选出，加密结果为密报，这是分析者可以利用的，类似于受扰信号。”< / p >
< / blockquote >
< p > < strong > 侧信道随之出现< / strong > 越过加密算法增加的随机不定性，从其他的渠道获取数据标签，确定信息内容。< / p >
< ol >
< li > 早期：采集加密电子设备在运行过程中的时间消耗、功率消耗或者电磁辐射消耗等边缘信息的差异性< / li >
< li > 而随着研究的深入， < / li >
< li > 并在Web应用交互信息传递越来越频繁时， < / li >
< / ol >
< p > < strong > 侧信道攻击的流程< / strong > 第一个就是侧信道泄露的截取，第二个是信息的恢复。< / p >
< hr >
< h3 id = "网络攻击" > < a href = "#网络攻击" class = "headerlink" title = "网络攻击" > < / a > 网络攻击< / h3 > < ol >
< li > 中间人攻击< blockquote >
< p > “指攻击者与通讯的两端分别创建独立的联系，并交换其所收到的数据，使通讯的两端认为他们正在通过一个私密的连接与对方直接对话，但事实上整个会话都被攻击者完全控制。”< / p >
< / blockquote >
< / li >
< / ol >
< p > < img src = "./2-Man_in_the_middle_attack.svg.png" alt > < / p >
< ul >
< li > 公共wifi、路由器劫持< / li >
< li > 一般使用加密来防御< / li >
< li > 加密的代价：维护密钥证书、影响功能（运营商无法做缓存）< / li >
< / ul >
< ol start = "2" >
< li > 非中间人攻击/偏离路径攻击/off-path attack< blockquote >
< p > 通信线路之外，攻击者看不到双方的消息，没办法截获和发送通信包。智能伪造成一方给另一方发消息。< / p >
< / blockquote >
< / li >
< / ol >
< ul >
< li > 攻击成功需要：消息合法+最先到达< / li >
< li > 防御措施： < br > 双方在通信前交换一个随机数，这个随机数在每次的通信中都要被附带，而中间人看不见这个随机数，因此伪造的消息被认为不合法。< / li >
< li > 攻击者如何得到这个随机数：侧信道< / li >
< / ul >
< hr >
< h3 id = "TCP三次握手" > < a href = "#TCP三次握手" class = "headerlink" title = "TCP三次握手" > < / a > TCP三次握手< / h3 > < p > < img src = "./3-Connection_TCP.png" alt > < / p >
< blockquote >
< ol >
< li > 客户端通过向服务器端发送一个SYN来创建一个主动打开， < em > 随机数A< / em > 。< / li >
< li > 服务器端应当为一个合法的SYN回送一个SYN/ACK。ACK的确认码应为A+1， < em > 随机产生的序号B< / em > 。< / li >
< li > 最后， ， ， ， < / li >
< / ol >
< / blockquote >
< p > 通过三次握手，确定对方不是非中间人< / p >
< p > < strong > < em > TCP序列号的问题< / em > < / strong > < / p >
< table >
< thead >
< tr >
< th style = "text-align:center" > 1985< / th >
< th style = "text-align:center" > 1995< / th >
< th style = "text-align:center" > 2001< / th >
< th style = "text-align:center" > 2004< / th >
< th style = "text-align:center" > 2007< / th >
< th style = "text-align:center" > 2012< / th >
< th style = "text-align:center" > 2012< / th >
< th style = "text-align:center" > 2016< / th >
< / tr >
< / thead >
< tbody >
< tr >
< td style = "text-align:center" > Morris< / td >
< td style = "text-align:center" > Mitnik< / td >
< td style = "text-align:center" > Zalewsky< / td >
< td style = "text-align:center" > Waston< / td >
< td style = "text-align:center" > kLM< / td >
< td style = "text-align:center" > Herzberg< / td >
< td style = "text-align:center" > 作者< / td >
< td style = "text-align:center" > 作者< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td style = "text-align:center" > 初始序列可预测< / td >
< td style = "text-align:center" > 真实利用< / td >
< td style = "text-align:center" > 漏洞仍在< / td >
< td style = "text-align:center" > BGP DoS< / td >
< td style = "text-align:center" > Windows攻击< / td >
< td style = "text-align:center" > Puppet-assisted< / td >
< td style = "text-align:center" > Malware-assisted< / td >
< td style = "text-align:center" > off-path attack< / td >
< / tr >
< / tbody >
< / table >
< ol >
< li > 90年代时发现并不随机： < / li >
< li > 2007年在windows场景下用IDID侧信道猜出序列号： ， < / li >
< / ol >
< hr >
< h2 id = "Malware-assisted" > < a href = "#Malware-assisted" class = "headerlink" title = "Malware-assisted" > < / a > Malware-assisted< / h2 > < p > < strong > 攻击模型：< / strong > < br > 给受害者安装一个无特权的应用程序（ ） ， ， < br > < img src = "./5-攻击模型.PNG" alt > < / p >
< p > < strong > 如何劫持TCP< / strong > < / p >
< ol >
< li > < p > 需要的信息： ， ， < br > 使用netstat命令获取： < br > < img src = "./4-netstat获取信息.jpg" alt > < / p >
< / li >
< li > < p > 任务： ， < / p >
< / li >
< li > 如何验证序列号正确：通过某种侧信道，这个恶意软件在后台可以提供反馈。< / li >
< / ol >
< h3 id = "变种一：防火墙" > < a href = "#变种一：防火墙" class = "headerlink" title = "变种一：防火墙" > < / a > 变种一：防火墙< / h3 > < p > < strong > 攻击过程：< / strong > TCP三次握手之后产生A和B， ， ， ， ， < / p >
< p > < strong > 具体侧信道方案：< / strong > CPU资源使用率（ ） > TCP计数器（ ） > 低噪音计数器：包被丢掉时，一个相应的错误计数器。< / p >
< p > < strong > 解决方法：< / strong > 关闭防火墙检查序列号的功能< / p >
< h3 id = "变种二：无防火墙" > < a href = "#变种二：无防火墙" class = "headerlink" title = "变种二：无防火墙" > < / a > 变种二：无防火墙< / h3 > < p > 具体侧信道方案： ， < br > 影响范围： < / p >
< hr >
< h2 id = "Pure-off-path-无恶意软件协助" > < a href = "#Pure-off-path-无恶意软件协助" class = "headerlink" title = "Pure off-path:无恶意软件协助" > < / a > Pure off-path:无恶意软件协助< / h2 > < blockquote >
< p > 不植入恶意软件， ： ， < / p >
< / blockquote >
< h3 id = "Global-Rate-Limit" > < a href = "#Global-Rate-Limit" class = "headerlink" title = "Global Rate Limit" > < / a > Global Rate Limit< / h3 > < blockquote >
< p > USENIX 2016 : Off-Path TCP Exploits: Global Rate Limit Considered Dangerous< / p >
< / blockquote >
< p > < strong > 侧信道：< / strong > 所有的侧信道， ， < strong > < em > 服务器上< / em > < / strong > 的共享资源，< strong > < em > 限速器< / em > < / strong > （ ） （ ） < / p >
< p > < strong > 如何利用共享限速器：< / strong > < br > 先判断是否建立了连接。然后伪造TCP包， ， ， ， ， （ ） ； ， < / p >
< p > < img src = "./6-GRL-R.png" alt > < / p >
< p > < img src = "./7-GRL-L.png" alt > < / p >
< p > < strong > 评估：< / strong > 是否建立了连接：< 10s ; Seq： ； < 10s< / p >
< p > < strong > 解决方案：< / strong > 1. 加噪音， ； < / p >
< hr >
< h3 id = "Unfixable-WiFi-timing" > < a href = "#Unfixable-WiFi-timing" class = "headerlink" title = "Unfixable WiFi timing" > < / a > Unfixable WiFi timing< / h3 > < blockquote >
< p > USENIX 2018 : Off-Path TCP Exploit: How Wireless Routers< br > Can Jeopardize Your Secrets< br > 之前的漏洞无论是计数器还是限速器都属于软件，很好更正，但这篇文章的漏洞利用无法修复。< / p >
< / blockquote >
< p > < strong > TCP收包的原理： < / strong > 通常TCP收包要看这个包是否匹配了当前的某一个连接。如果连接匹配上了， ； ， ， ； ， ， ， < br > < img src = "./8-收包原理.jpg" alt > < / p >
< p > < strong > 侧信道：< / strong > 攻击者伪装成服务器给客户端发包，正确的序列号会有< strong > < em > 回复< / em > < / strong > ，错误则没有。但回复时发送给服务器的，有没有回复攻击者并不知道。那么如何去判断有没有回复，利用无线网络的 < strong > < em > 半双工< / em > < / strong > 传输。< br > 让有回包和没有回包的时间差异放大。< / p >
< p > < strong > 判断流程：< / strong > 客户端和路由器之间wifi通信。攻击者依次发送三个数据包， ， ， ， ， < br > < img src = "./8-noTrigger.PNG" alt > < / p >
< p > < img src = "./8-trigger.PNG" alt > < / p >
< p > < strong > 评估：< / strong > 在本地环境下， ， < / p >
< p > < strong > 攻击应用：< / strong > < br > < strong > 1. 攻击模型：< / strong > 受害者访问了我们的钓鱼网站， （ ） ， （ ） ， < / p >
< blockquote >
< p > 与理想情况的不同： ； < / p >
< / blockquote >
< pre > < code > Attacker -------wire----------|
Router ---------wireless-------Victim (client)
Server -------wire----------|
< / code > < / pre > < p > < strong > 2. 攻击目标：< / strong > 推断出客户端和服务器是否建立了连接； ； （ ） ， ， ， < / p >
< p > < strong > 3. 攻击过程：< / strong > 假设傀儡已经建立了连接， （ ） ， ， ， ， ， ， ， < / p >
< p > < strong > 4. 细节：< / strong > < / p >
< ul >
< li > < strong > 连接（四元组）推断：< / strong > 每一轮使用30个重复包测试一个端口， ， < strong > < em > web缓存投毒< / em > < / strong > ，还需要傀儡初始化连接来协助，根据系统不同，有不同的端口选择算法可以优化：< strong > < em > windows& macOS< / em > < / strong > 使用全局和顺序端口分配策略为其TCP连接选择短暂的端口号， ， < strong > < em > NAT< / em > < / strong > 端口保留，不需要关心外部端口被转换成不可预知的内部端口。< strong > < em > 来自同一域名的多个IP地址< / em > < / strong > ，这意味着攻击者需要付出更大的代价来推断端口号。< / li >
< li > < strong > 序列号推断：< / strong > 通过利用时序侧信道来判断是否存在相应的响应，从而将窗口序列号与窗外序列号区分开来。一旦我们得到一个 < strong > < em > 窗口内序列号< / em > < / strong > ，通过进行二分搜索进一步将序列号空间缩小到单个值 < strong > < em > RCV.NXT< / em > < / strong > 。如果还要使用傀儡建立的连接发起web缓存投毒， ： < strong > < em > 增大接收窗口的大小< / em > < / strong > ， ， ， < br > < img src = "./9-序列号推断.PNG" alt > < / li >
< li > < p > < strong > TCP劫持： < / strong > 通过劫持傀儡初始化的连接， ， < strong > < em > windows< / em > < / strong > ： ， < br > 因此， ， < strong > < em > （ ） < / em > < / strong > ， ， ， ， ， ， < / p >
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< p > 因此， ， ， ， < br > < img src = "./9-http注入.PNG" alt > < br > < strong > < em > （ ） < / em > < / strong > ， ， ， （ ） ， < br > 此外， ， ， （ ） ， ， ， ， < / p >
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while (index.length != 0) {
item = index[index.length - 1];
position = item.position;
word = item.word;
if (wordEnd > position) {
index.pop();
} else {
break;
}
}
}
searchTextCount += searchTextCountInSlice;
return {
hits: hits,
start: start,
end: end,
searchTextCount: searchTextCountInSlice
};
}
var slicesOfTitle = [];
if (indexOfTitle.length != 0) {
slicesOfTitle.push(mergeIntoSlice(title, 0, title.length, indexOfTitle));
}
var slicesOfContent = [];
while (indexOfContent.length != 0) {
var item = indexOfContent[indexOfContent.length - 1];
var position = item.position;
var word = item.word;
// cut out 100 characters
var start = position - 20;
var end = position + 80;
if(start < 0 ) {
start = 0;
}
if (end < position + word . length ) {
end = position + word.length;
}
if(end > content.length){
end = content.length;
}
slicesOfContent.push(mergeIntoSlice(content, start, end, indexOfContent));
}
// sort slices in content by search text's count and hits' count
slicesOfContent.sort(function (sliceLeft, sliceRight) {
if (sliceLeft.searchTextCount !== sliceRight.searchTextCount) {
return sliceRight.searchTextCount - sliceLeft.searchTextCount;
} else if (sliceLeft.hits.length !== sliceRight.hits.length) {
return sliceRight.hits.length - sliceLeft.hits.length;
} else {
return sliceLeft.start - sliceRight.start;
}
});
// select top N slices in content
var upperBound = parseInt('1');
if (upperBound >= 0) {
slicesOfContent = slicesOfContent.slice(0, upperBound);
}
// highlight title and content
function highlightKeyword(text, slice) {
var result = '';
var prevEnd = slice.start;
slice.hits.forEach(function (hit) {
result += text.substring(prevEnd, hit.position);
var end = hit.position + hit.length;
result += '< b class = "search-keyword" > ' + text.substring(hit.position, end) + '< / b > ';
prevEnd = end;
});
result += text.substring(prevEnd, slice.end);
return result;
}
var resultItem = '';
if (slicesOfTitle.length != 0) {
resultItem += "< li > < a href = '" + articleUrl + "' class = 'search-result-title' > " + highlightKeyword(title, slicesOfTitle[0]) + "< / a > ";
} else {
resultItem += "< li > < a href = '" + articleUrl + "' class = 'search-result-title' > " + title + "< / a > ";
}
slicesOfContent.forEach(function (slice) {
resultItem += "< a href = '" + articleUrl + "' > " +
"< p class = \"search-result\" > " + highlightKeyword(content, slice) +
"...< / p > " + "< / a > ";
});
resultItem += "< / li > ";
resultItems.push({
item: resultItem,
searchTextCount: searchTextCount,
hitCount: hitCount,
id: resultItems.length
});
}
})
};
if (keywords.length === 1 & & keywords[0] === "") {
resultContent.innerHTML = '< div id = "no-result" > < i class = "fa fa-search fa-5x" / > < / div > '
} else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
resultContent.innerHTML = '< div id = "no-result" > < i class = "fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" / > < / div > '
} else {
resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
return resultRight.searchTextCount - resultLeft.searchTextCount;
} else if (resultLeft.hitCount !== resultRight.hitCount) {
return resultRight.hitCount - resultLeft.hitCount;
} else {
return resultRight.id - resultLeft.id;
}
});
var searchResultList = '< ul class = \"search-result-list\" > ';
resultItems.forEach(function (result) {
searchResultList += result.item;
})
searchResultList += "< / ul > ";
resultContent.innerHTML = searchResultList;
}
}
if ('auto' === 'auto') {
input.addEventListener('input', inputEventFunction);
} else {
$('.search-icon').click(inputEventFunction);
input.addEventListener('keypress', function (event) {
if (event.keyCode === 13) {
inputEventFunction();
}
});
}
// remove loading animation
$(".local-search-pop-overlay").remove();
$('body').css('overflow', '');
proceedsearch();
}
});
}
// handle and trigger popup window;
$('.popup-trigger').click(function(e) {
e.stopPropagation();
if (isfetched === false) {
searchFunc(path, 'local-search-input', 'local-search-result');
} else {
proceedsearch();
};
});
$('.popup-btn-close').click(onPopupClose);
$('.popup').click(function(e){
e.stopPropagation();
});
$(document).on('keyup', function (event) {
var shouldDismissSearchPopup = event.which === 27 & &
$('.search-popup').is(':visible');
if (shouldDismissSearchPopup) {
onPopupClose();
}
});
< / script >
< script src = "https://cdn1.lncld.net/static/js/av-core-mini-0.6.4.js" > < / script >
< script > AV . initialize ( "EWwoJgHNdlj6iBjiFlMcabUO-gzGzoHsz" , "x8FxDrYG79C8YFrTww9ljo8K" ) ; < / script >
< script >
function showTime(Counter) {
var query = new AV.Query(Counter);
var entries = [];
var $visitors = $(".leancloud_visitors");
$visitors.each(function () {
entries.push( $(this).attr("id").trim() );
});
query.containedIn('url', entries);
query.find()
.done(function (results) {
var COUNT_CONTAINER_REF = '.leancloud-visitors-count';
if (results.length === 0) {
$visitors.find(COUNT_CONTAINER_REF).text(0);
return;
}
for (var i = 0; i < results.length ; i + + ) {
var item = results[i];
var url = item.get('url');
var time = item.get('time');
var element = document.getElementById(url);
$(element).find(COUNT_CONTAINER_REF).text(time);
}
for(var i = 0; i < entries.length ; i + + ) {
var url = entries[i];
var element = document.getElementById(url);
var countSpan = $(element).find(COUNT_CONTAINER_REF);
if( countSpan.text() == '') {
countSpan.text(0);
}
}
})
.fail(function (object, error) {
console.log("Error: " + error.code + " " + error.message);
});
}
function addCount(Counter) {
var $visitors = $(".leancloud_visitors");
var url = $visitors.attr('id').trim();
var title = $visitors.attr('data-flag-title').trim();
var query = new AV.Query(Counter);
query.equalTo("url", url);
query.find({
success: function(results) {
if (results.length > 0) {
var counter = results[0];
counter.fetchWhenSave(true);
counter.increment("time");
counter.save(null, {
success: function(counter) {
var $element = $(document.getElementById(url));
$element.find('.leancloud-visitors-count').text(counter.get('time'));
},
error: function(counter, error) {
console.log('Failed to save Visitor num, with error message: ' + error.message);
}
});
} else {
var newcounter = new Counter();
/* Set ACL */
var acl = new AV.ACL();
acl.setPublicReadAccess(true);
acl.setPublicWriteAccess(true);
newcounter.setACL(acl);
/* End Set ACL */
newcounter.set("title", title);
newcounter.set("url", url);
newcounter.set("time", 1);
newcounter.save(null, {
success: function(newcounter) {
var $element = $(document.getElementById(url));
$element.find('.leancloud-visitors-count').text(newcounter.get('time'));
},
error: function(newcounter, error) {
console.log('Failed to create');
}
});
}
},
error: function(error) {
console.log('Error:' + error.code + " " + error.message);
}
});
}
$(function() {
var Counter = AV.Object.extend("Counter");
if ($('.leancloud_visitors').length == 1) {
addCount(Counter);
} else if ($('.post-title-link').length > 1) {
showTime(Counter);
}
});
< / script >
< script >
(function(){
var bp = document.createElement('script');
var curProtocol = window.location.protocol.split(':')[0];
if (curProtocol === 'https') {
bp.src = 'https://zz.bdstatic.com/linksubmit/push.js';
}
else {
bp.src = 'http://push.zhanzhang.baidu.com/push.js';
}
var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
})();
< / script >
< / body >
< / html >
