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< p > 接触这个词语已经有一年了， ， ， ， ， < / p >
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< hr >
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< h1 id = "0x01-模糊测试" > < a href = "#0x01-模糊测试" class = "headerlink" title = "0x01 模糊测试" > < / a > 0x01 模糊测试< / h1 > < p > 首先， （ ） ， ， ， ， ， ， （ ） < br > 模糊测试的过程，就好像是一个不断探测系统可以承受的输入极限的过程，让我想起学电子的时候对一个滤波器进行带宽的评估，如果我们知道内部电路原理，那么这个器件对于我们就是白盒了，可以直接通过公式计算理论带宽，现在系统对于我们而言是一个黑盒，我们通过在足够大频率范围内对其不断输入信号，就能测试出其实际带宽。< / p >
< p > < strong > 模糊测试方法一览< / strong > < / p >
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< table >
< tr >
< th rowspan = "2" > 基于变种的Fuzzer< / th >
< th rowspan = "2" > 基于模板的Fuzzer< / th >
< th colspan = "2" > 基于反馈演进的Fuzzer< / th >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > 基于追踪路径覆盖率< / td >
< td > 基于分支覆盖率< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td rowspan = "2" > 在已知合法的输入的基础上，对该输入进行随机变种或者依据某种经验性的变种，从而产生不可预期的测试输入。< / td >
< td rowspan = "2" > 此类Fuzzer工具的输入数据， ， ， < / td >
< td colspan = "2" > 此类Fuzzer会实时的记录当前对于目标程序测试的覆盖程度， < / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > PAP:路径编码的算法;后面会产生路径爆炸的问题< / td >
< td > 漏洞的爆发往往由于触发了非预期的分支< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td > Taof, GPF, ProxyFuzz, Peach Fuzzer< / td >
< td > SPIKE, Sulley, Mu‐ < / td >
< td > < / td >
< td > AFL< / td >
< / tr >
< / table >
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< hr >
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< h1 id = "0x02-AFL快速入门" > < a href = "#0x02-AFL快速入门" class = "headerlink" title = "0x02 AFL快速入门" > < / a > 0x02 < a href = "http://lcamtuf.coredump.cx/afl/QuickStartGuide.txt" target = "_blank" rel = "noopener" > AFL快速入门< / a > < / h1 > < p > 1） < code > make< / code > 编译AFL。如果构建失败， < br > 2） ， < strong > < em > 文件或标准输入< / em > < / strong > 中获取数据， ， ， ， < br > 遇到故障时， ， < figure class = "highlight plain" > < table > < tr > < td class = "gutter" > < pre > < span class = "line" > 1< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < td class = "code" > < pre > < span class = "line" > 3） < / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < / tr > < / table > < / figure > < / p >
< p > $ CC = /path/to/afl-gcc CXX =/path/to/afl-g++ ./configure – < br > $ make clean all< br > < figure class = "highlight plain" > < table > < tr > < td class = "gutter" > < pre > < span class = "line" > 1< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 2< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 3< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 4< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 5< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 6< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 7< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 8< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 9< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 10< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 11< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 12< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 13< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 14< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 15< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 16< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 17< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 18< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 19< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 20< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 21< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 22< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 23< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 24< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 25< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 26< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 27< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 28< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 29< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 30< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 31< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 32< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 33< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 34< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 35< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 36< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 37< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 38< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 39< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 40< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 41< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 42< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 43< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 44< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 45< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 46< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 47< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 48< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 49< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 50< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 51< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 52< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 53< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 54< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 55< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 56< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 57< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 58< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 59< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 60< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 61< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 62< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 63< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 64< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 65< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 66< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 67< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 68< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 69< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 70< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 71< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 72< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 73< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < td class = "code" > < pre > < span class = "line" > 如果程序构建失败，请联系 < afl-users@googlegroups.com> 。< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 4） （ ， ） ， ， < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 5） ， < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > `./afl-fuzz -i testcase_dir -o findings_dir -- /path/to/tested/program [... program' s cmdline ...] `< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 如果程序从文件中获取输入，则可以在程序的命令行中输入@@; AFL会为您放置一个自动生成的文件名。< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > **一些参考文档**< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > > [docs/README](http://lcamtuf.coredump.cx/afl/README.txt) - AFL的一般介绍， < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > > [docs/perf_tips.txt](https://github.com/mirrorer/afl/blob/master/docs/perf_tips.txt) - 关于如何快速模糊的简单提示，< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > > [docs/status_screen.txt](http://lcamtuf.coredump.cx/afl/status_screen.txt) - UI中显示的花絮的解释， < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > > [docs/parallel_fuzzing.txt](https://github.com/mirrorer/afl/blob/master/docs/parallel_fuzzing.txt) - 关于在多个核上运行AFL的建议< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > > [Generated test cases for common image formats](http://lcamtuf.coredump.cx/afl/demo/) - 生成图像文件测试用例的demo< / span > < br
< p > $ CC = /path/to/afl/afl-gcc ./configure< br > $ make clean all< br > 对于C ++程序， < br > < figure class = "highlight plain" > < table > < tr > < td class = "gutter" > < pre > < span class = "line" > 1< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 2< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 3< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < td class = "code" > < pre > < span class = "line" > clang组件（ ， < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 在测试库时， ， ， （ ） < / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < / tr > < / table > < / figure > < / p >
< p > $ CC = /path/to/afl/afl-gcc ./configure – < br > < figure class = "highlight plain" > < table > < tr > < td class = "gutter" > < pre > < span class = "line" > 1< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 2< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 3< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 4< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 5< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 6< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < td class = "code" > < pre > < span class = "line" > 调用`make`时设置AFL_HARDEN = 1将导致CC组件自动启用代码强化选项， ， （ ） < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > PS。建议ASAN用户查看notes_for_asan.txt文件以获取重要警告。< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > ## 4） < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 当源代码为不可得时， < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > QEMU是一个独立于AFL的项目， ： < / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < / tr > < / table > < / figure > < / p >
< p > $ cd qemu_mode< br > $ ./build_qemu_support.sh< br > < figure class = "highlight plain" > < table > < tr > < td class = "gutter" > < pre > < span class = "line" > 1< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 2< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 3< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 4< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 5< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 6< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 7< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 8< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 9< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 10< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 11< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 12< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 13< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 14< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < td class = "code" > < pre > < span class = "line" > 有关其他说明和注意事项， < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 该模式比编译时插桩（ ） ， ， < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > ## 5） < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 为了正确操作，模糊器需要一个或多个起始文件，其中包含目标应用程序通常所需的输入数据的良好示例。 有两个基本规则：< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > > 测试用例足够小。 1 kB以下是理想的， ， < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > > < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > > 只有在功能上彼此不同时才使用多个测试用例。 使用五十张不同的度假照片来模糊图像库是没有意义的。< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 您可以在此工具附带的`testcases/子目录`中找到许多启动文件的好例子。< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > PS。 如果有大量数据可用于筛选，您可能希望使用`afl-cmin`实用程序来识别在目标二进制文件中使用不同代码路径的功能不同的文件的子集。< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > ## 6） < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 测试过程本身由afl-fuzz实用程序执行。该程序需要一个带有初始测试用例的只读目录， ， < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 对于直接从 **stdin** 接受输入的目标二进制文件，通常的语法是：< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < / tr > < / table > < / figure > < / p >
< p > $ ./afl-fuzz -i testcase_dir -o findings_dir /path/to/program [… params …]< br > < figure class = "highlight plain" > < table > < tr > < td class = "gutter" > < pre > < span class = "line" > 1< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < td class = "code" > < pre > < span class = "line" > 对于从 **文件** 中获取输入的程序，使用“@@”标记目标命令行中应放置输入文件名的位置。模糊器将替换为您：< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < / tr > < / table > < / figure > < / p >
< p > $ ./afl-fuzz -i testcase_dir -o findings_dir /path/to/program @@< br > < figure class = "highlight plain" > < table > < tr > < td class = "gutter" > < pre > < span class = "line" > 1< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 2< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 3< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 4< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 5< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 6< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 7< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 8< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 9< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 10< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 11< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 12< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 13< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 14< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 15< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 16< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 17< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < td class = "code" > < pre > < span class = "line" > 您还可以使用-f选项将变异数据写入特定文件。如果程序需要特定的文件扩展名， < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 非插桩二进制文件可以在QEMU模式下（ ） （ ） < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 您可以使用-t和-m覆盖已执行进程的默认超时和内存限制;< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > perf_tips.txt中讨论了优化模糊测试性能的技巧。< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 请注意， ， ， < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > ## 7） < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 有关如何解释显示的统计信息以及监视进程运行状况的信息，请参阅`status_screen.txt`文件。请务必查阅此文件， < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 模糊过程将持续到按`Ctrl-C`为止。至少，您希望允许模糊器完成一个队列周期，这可能需要几个小时到一周左右的时间。< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 在输出目录中创建了三个子目录并实时更新：< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > - 队列queue/ - 测试每个独特执行路径的案例， ， ， < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > - 崩溃crash/ - 导致被测程序接收致命信号的独特测试用例（ ， ， ， ） < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > - 挂起hang/ - 导致测试程序超时的独特测试用例。将某些内容归类为挂起之前的默认时间限制是1秒内的较大值和-t参数的值。可以通过设置AFL_HANG_TMOUT来微调该值， < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 崩溃和挂起的文件名与父、非错误的队列条目相关联。这应该有助于调试。< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 如果无法重现 **afl-fuzz** 发现的崩溃，最可能的原因是您没有设置与工具使用的内存限制相同的内存限制。尝试：< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < / tr > < / table > < / figure > < / p >
< p > $ LIMIT_MB = 50< br > $（ < < 10]; /path/to/tested_binary …）< br > < figure class = "highlight plain" > < table > < tr > < td class = "gutter" > < pre > < span class = "line" > 1< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 2< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 3< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 4< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 5< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 6< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 7< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 8< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 9< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 10< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 11< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 12< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 13< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 14< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 15< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 16< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 17< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 18< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 19< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 20< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 21< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 22< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 23< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 24< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 25< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 26< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 27< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 28< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 29< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 30< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 31< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 32< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 33< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 34< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 35< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 36< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 37< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 38< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 39< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 40< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 41< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 42< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 43< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 44< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 45< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 46< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 47< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 48< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 49< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 50< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 51< /span>< br > < span class = "line" > 52< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 53< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 54< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 55< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 56< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 57< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 58< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 59< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 60< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 61< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 62< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 63< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 64< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 65< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 66< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < td class = "code" > < pre > < span class = "line" > 更改LIMIT_MB以匹配传递给afl-fuzz的-m参数。在OpenBSD上， < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 尝试：`$ ./afl-fuzz -i-o_ existing_output_dir [...etc...]`< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 如果安装了gnuplot， ， < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > ## 8） < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 每个afl-fuzz的实例大约占用一个核。 这意味着在多核系统上，并行化是充分利用硬件所必需的。< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 有关如何在多个核心或多个联网计算机上模糊常见目标的提示，请参阅`parallel_fuzzing.txt`。< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > ***并行模糊测试模式*** 还提供了一种简单的方法， ， （ ， ） < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > ## 9） < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 默认情况下， ， ， ， ， ， < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 为了避免构建语法感知工具的麻烦， ， ，
< p > cur_location = < COMPILE_TIME_RANDOM> ; //用一个随机数标记当前基本块< br > shared_mem[cur_location ^ prev_location]++; //将当前块和前一块异或保存到shared_mem[]< br > prev_location = cur_location > > 1; //cur_location右移1位区分从当前块到当前块的转跳< br > < figure class = "highlight plain" > < table > < tr > < td class = "gutter" > < pre > < span class = "line" > 1< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 2< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 3< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 4< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 5< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 6< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 7< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 8< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 9< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 10< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 11< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 12< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 13< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 14< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 15< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 16< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 17< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 18< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 19< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 20< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 21< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 22< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 23< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 24< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 25< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < td class = "code" > < pre > < span class = "line" > cur_location 的值是随机产生的， < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > shared_mem[] 数组是一个调用者 (caller) 传给被插桩的二进制程序的64kB的共享空间。其中的每一字节可以理解成对于插桩代码中特别的元组(branch_src, branch_dst)的一次命中（ ） < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 选择这个数组大小的原因是让冲突(collisions)尽可能减少。这样通常能处理2k到10k的分支点。同时， < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > |Branch cnt | Colliding tuples | Example targets|< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > |------------|------------------|-----------------|< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > | 1,000 | 0.75% | giflib, lzo |< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > | 2,000 | 1.5% | zlib, tar, xz |< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > | 5,000 | 3.5% | libpng, libwebp |< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > | 10,000 | 7% | libxml |< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > | 20,000 | 14% | sqlite |< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > | 50,000 | 30% | - |< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 这种形式的覆盖率，相对于简单的基本块覆盖率来说，对程序运行路径提供了一个更好的描述(insight)。特别地，它能很好地区分以下两个执行路径：< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > > A -> B -> C -> D -> E (tuples: AB, BC, CD, DE)< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > > A -> B -> D -> C -> E (tuples: AB, BD, DC, CE)< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 这有助于发现底层代码的微小错误条件。因为 **安全漏洞通常是一些非预期(或不正确)的语句转移(一个tuple就是一个语句转移)** ，而不是没覆盖到某块代码。< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 上边伪代码的最后一行移位操作是为了让tuple具有定向性(没有这一行的话， ， ， < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > ## 2） < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > AFL的fuzzers使用一个**全局Map**来存储之前执行时看到的tuple。这些数据可以被用来对不同的trace进行快速对比， < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 当一个变异的输入产生了一个包含新tuple的执行路径时， ， ， <E7AE97> <E4BB96>
< p > #1: A -> B -> C -> D -> E< / p >
< p > #2: A -> B -> C -> A -> E< br > < figure class = "highlight plain" > < table > < tr > < td class = "gutter" > < pre > < span class = "line" > 1< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 2< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 3< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 4< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 5< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 6< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 7< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 8< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 9< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 10< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 11< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 12< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 13< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 14< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 15< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 16< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 17< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 18< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 19< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 20< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 21< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 22< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 23< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 24< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 25< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 26< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 27< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 28< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 29< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 30< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 31< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 32< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 33< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 34< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 35< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 36< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 37< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 38< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 39< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 40< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 41< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 42< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 43< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 44< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 45< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 46< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 47< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 48< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 49< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 50< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 51< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 52< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 53< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 54< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 55< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 56< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 57< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < td class = "code" > < pre > < span class = "line" > 因为#2的原因， ， ： < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > `#3: A -> B -> C -> A -> B -> C -> A -> B -> C -> D -> E`< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 除了检测新的tuple之外， ： < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 从某种意义来说， ： ， < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 单个bucket的改变会被忽略掉: 在程序控制流中， ， < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 通过命中次数(hit count)，我们能够分辨控制流是否发生变化。例如一个代码块被执行了两次，但只命中了一次。并且这种方法对循环的次数不敏感(循环47次和48次没区别)。< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 这种算法通过限制内存和运行时间来保证效率。< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 另外， ， < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > ## 3） < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 经变异的测试用例，会使程序产生 ***新的状态转移*** 。这些测试用例稍后被添加到 input 队列中，用作下一个 fuzz 循环。它们补充但不替换现有的发现。< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 这种算法允许工具可以持续探索不同的代码路径，即使底层的数据格式可能是完全不同的。如下图：< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > < / span > < br
< p > 1) Find next tuple not yet in the temporary working set,< / p >
< p > 2) Locate the winning queue entry for this tuple,< / p >
< p > 3) Register < em > all< / em > tuples present in that entry’ < / p >
< p > 4) Go to #1 if there are any missing tuples in the set.< br > < figure class = "highlight plain" > < table > < tr > < td class = "gutter" > < pre > < span class = "line" > 1< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < td class = "code" > < pre > < span class = "line" > " favored" entries 产生的语料， ， ， ： < / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < / tr > < / table > < / figure > < / p >
2019-07-01 09:28:12 +00:00
< ul >
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< li > < p > If there are new, yet-to-be-fuzzed favorites present in the queue,< br > 99% of non-favored entries will be skipped to get to the favored ones.< / p >
< / li >
< li > < p > If there are no new favorites:< / p >
< / li >
< li > < p > If the current non-favored entry was fuzzed before, it will be skipped 95% of the time.< / p >
< / li >
< li > < p > If it hasn’ < / p >
< figure class = "highlight plain" > < table > < tr > < td class = "gutter" > < pre > < span class = "line" > 1< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 2< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 3< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 4< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 5< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 6< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 7< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 8< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 9< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 10< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 11< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 12< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 13< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 14< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 15< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < td class = "code" > < pre > < span class = "line" > 基于以往的实验经验，这种方法能够在队列周期速度(queue cycling speed)和测试用例多样性(test case diversity)之间达到一个合理的平衡。< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 使用**afl-cmin工具**能够对输入或输出的语料库进行稍微复杂但慢得多的的处理。这一工具将永久丢弃冗余entries， < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > ## 5） （ ） < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 文件的大小对fuzzing的性能有着重大影响(dramatic impact)。因为大文件会让目标二进制文件运行变慢；大文件还会减少变异触及重要格式控制结构(format control structures)的可能性(**我们希望的是变异要触及冗余代码块(redundant data blocks)**)。这个问题将在[perf_tips.txt](https://github.com/mirrorer/afl/blob/master/docs/perf_tips.txt)细说。< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 用户可能提供低质量初始语料(starting corpus)，某些类型的变异会迭代地增加生成文件的大小。所以要抑制这种趋势(counter this trend)。< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 幸运的是，**插桩反馈(instrumentation feedback)**提供了一种简单的方式自动削减（ ） ， < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > afl-fuzz内置的修剪器(trimmer)使用变化的长度和步距(variable length and stepover)来连续地(sequentially)删除数据块； < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 这个修剪器的设计并不算特别地周密(thorough)，相反地，它试着在精确度(precision)和进程调用execve()的次数之间选取一个平衡， < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 独立的**afl-tmin工具**使用更完整(exhaustive)、迭代次数更多(iteractive)的算法，并尝试对被修剪的文件采用字母标准化的方式处理。< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > ## 6) 模糊测试策略(Fuzzing strategies)< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 插桩提供的反馈(feedback)使得我们更容易理解各种不同fuzzing策略的价值， （ ） ， ： < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > [binary-fuzzing-strategies-what-works](http://lcamtuf.blogspot.com/2014/08/binary-fuzzing-strategies-what-works.html)< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 值得注意的一点是， < / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < / tr > < / table > < / figure >
< / li >
< li > < p > Sequential bit flips with varying lengths and stepovers,使用变化的长度和步距来连续进行位反转< / p >
< / li >
< li > < p > Sequential addition and subtraction of small integers,对小的整型数来连续进行加法和减法< / p >
< / li >
< li > < p > Sequential insertion of known interesting integers (0, 1, INT_MAX, etc),对已知的感兴趣的整型数连续地插入< / p >
< figure class = "highlight plain" > < table > < tr > < td class = "gutter" > < pre > < span class = "line" > 1< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 2< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 3< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 4< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 5< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 6< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 7< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 8< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 9< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 10< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 11< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 12< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 13< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 14< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 15< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 16< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 17< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 18< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 19< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 20< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 21< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 22< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 23< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < td class = "code" > < pre > < span class = "line" > 使用这些确定步骤的目的在于，生成紧凑的(compact)测试用例， ， < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > **非确定性(non-deterministic)策略** 的步骤包括： < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 由于在[historical_notes.txt](http://lcamtuf.coredump.cx/afl/historical_notes.txt) 中提到的原因(性能、简易性、可靠性)， < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > fuzzing的步骤名义上来说是盲目的(nominally blind)，只被输入队列的进化方式的设计所影响(< strong> 见第三部分< /strong> )。< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 这意味着，这条规则有一个例外：< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 当一个新的队列条目， ， ， < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 尤其是对那些冗长的数据格式， ， ， ， < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > ## 7) 字典(Dictionaries)< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 插桩提供的反馈能够让它自动地识别出一些输入文件中的语法(syntax)符号(tokens)，并且能够为测试器(tested parser)检测到一些组合，这些组合是由预定义(predefined)的或自动检测到的(auto-detected)字典项(dictionary terms)构成的合法语法(valid grammar)。< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 关于这些特点在afl-fuzz是如何实现的， ： < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > [afl-fuzz-making-up-grammar-with](http://lcamtuf.blogspot.com/2015/01/afl-fuzz-making-up-grammar-with.html)< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 大体上，当基本的(basic, typically easily-obtained)句法(syntax)符号(tokens)以纯粹随机的方式组合在一起时，**插桩**和**队列进化**这两种方法共同提供了一种反馈机制，这种反馈机制能够区分无意义的变异和在插桩代码中触发新行为的变异。这样能增量地构建更复杂的句法(syntax)。< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 这样构建的字典能够让fuzzer快速地重构非常详细(highly verbose)且复杂的(complex)语法， < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 有趣的是， < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > ## 8) 崩溃去重（ ） < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 崩溃去重是fuzzing工具里很重要的问题之一。很多naive的解决方式都会<EFBFBD> <EFBFBD>
< / li >
< li > < p > The crash trace includes a tuple not seen in any of the previous crashes,这个crash的路径包括一个之前crash从未见到过的tuple。< / p >
< / li >
< li > < p > The crash trace is missing a tuple that was always present in earlier faults.这个crash的路径不包含一个总在之前crash中出现的tuple。< / p >
< figure class = "highlight plain" > < table > < tr > < td class = "gutter" > < pre > < span class = "line" > 1< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 2< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 3< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 4< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 5< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 6< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 7< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 8< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 9< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 10< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 11< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 12< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 13< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 14< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 15< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 16< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 17< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 18< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 19< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 20< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 21< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 22< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 23< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 24< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 25< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < td class = "code" > < pre > < span class = "line" > 这种方式一开始容易受到count inflation的影响， ， < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > ## 9) 崩溃调查(Investigating crashes)< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 不同的crash的可用性(exploitability)是不同的。afl-fuzz提供一个crash的探索模式(exploration mode)来解决这个问题。< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 对一个已知的出错测试用例， ， < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 这种方法的意义在以下链接中会进一步讨论：< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > [afl-fuzz-crash-exploration-mode](http://lcamtuf.blogspot.com/2014/11/afl-fuzz-crash-exploration-mode.html)< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 这种方法利用**instrumentation的反馈**， ， ， < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 对于crashes来说， ， ， （ ） ， ， < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 这就是说afl-tmin可以被用来随意缩减它们。< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > ## 10) The fork server< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 为了提升性能， " fork server" ， ： < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > [fuzzing-binaries-without-execve](http://lcamtuf.blogspot.com/2014/10/fuzzing-binaries-without-execve.html)< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > fork server被集成在了instrumentation的程序下， ， < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 对于需要快速发包的测试， < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > ## 11) 并行机制< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 实现并行的机制是， ， < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 详见： parallel_fuzzing.txt.< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > ## 12） < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > AFL-Fuzz对二进制黑盒目标程序的instrumentation是通过**QEMU**的“user emulation”模式实现的。< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 这样我们就可以允许跨架构的运行， < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > QEMU使用basic blocks作为翻译单元， ， < / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < / tr > < / table > < / figure >
< p > if (block_address > elf_text_start & & block_address < elf_text_end) {< / p >
< p > cur_location = (block_address > > 4) ^ (block_address < < 8);< br > shared_mem[cur_location ^ prev_location]++;< br > prev_location = cur_location > > 1;< / p >
< p > }< br > < code > `< / code > < br > 像QEMU, DynamoRIO, and PIN这样的二进制翻译器， ， ， ， < br > 当然第一次翻译一个新的basic block还是有必要的延迟， ， ， ， ， ， < / p >
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< h2 id = "13） > < a href = "#13） class = "headerlink" title = "13） > < / a > 13） < / h2 > < p > 文件格式分析器是最小化算法的简单扩展< br > 前面讨论过; 该工具执行一系列步行字节翻转，然后在输入文件中注释字节运行，而不是尝试删除无操作块。< / p >
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2019-07-09 06:49:56 +00:00
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2019-07-01 09:28:12 +00:00
owner: 'Cool-Y',
repo: 'gitment-comments',
lang: "" || navigator.language || navigator.systemLanguage || navigator.userLanguage,
oauth: {
client_secret: '1c5db4da72df5e6fc318d12afe5f4406f7c54343',
client_id: '180955a2c3ae3d966d9a'
}});
gitment.render('gitment-container');
}
renderGitment();
< / script >
< script type = "text/javascript" >
// Popup Window;
var isfetched = false;
var isXml = true;
// Search DB path;
var search_path = "search.xml";
if (search_path.length === 0) {
search_path = "search.xml";
} else if (/json$/i.test(search_path)) {
isXml = false;
}
var path = "/" + search_path;
// monitor main search box;
var onPopupClose = function (e) {
$('.popup').hide();
$('#local-search-input').val('');
$('.search-result-list').remove();
$('#no-result').remove();
$(".local-search-pop-overlay").remove();
$('body').css('overflow', '');
}
function proceedsearch() {
$("body")
.append('< div class = "search-popup-overlay local-search-pop-overlay" > < / div > ')
.css('overflow', 'hidden');
$('.search-popup-overlay').click(onPopupClose);
$('.popup').toggle();
var $localSearchInput = $('#local-search-input');
$localSearchInput.attr("autocapitalize", "none");
$localSearchInput.attr("autocorrect", "off");
$localSearchInput.focus();
}
// search function;
var searchFunc = function(path, search_id, content_id) {
'use strict';
// start loading animation
$("body")
.append('< div class = "search-popup-overlay local-search-pop-overlay" > ' +
'< div id = "search-loading-icon" > ' +
'< i class = "fa fa-spinner fa-pulse fa-5x fa-fw" > < / i > ' +
'< / div > ' +
'< / div > ')
.css('overflow', 'hidden');
$("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
$.ajax({
url: path,
dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
async: true,
success: function(res) {
// get the contents from search data
isfetched = true;
$('.popup').detach().appendTo('.header-inner');
var datas = isXml ? $("entry", res).map(function() {
return {
title: $("title", this).text(),
content: $("content",this).text(),
url: $("url" , this).text()
};
}).get() : res;
var input = document.getElementById(search_id);
var resultContent = document.getElementById(content_id);
var inputEventFunction = function() {
var searchText = input.value.trim().toLowerCase();
var keywords = searchText.split(/[\s\-]+/);
if (keywords.length > 1) {
keywords.push(searchText);
}
var resultItems = [];
if (searchText.length > 0) {
// perform local searching
datas.forEach(function(data) {
var isMatch = false;
var hitCount = 0;
var searchTextCount = 0;
var title = data.title.trim();
var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
var content = data.content.trim().replace(/< [^>]+>/g,"");
var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
var indexOfTitle = [];
var indexOfContent = [];
// only match articles with not empty titles
if(title != '') {
keywords.forEach(function(keyword) {
function getIndexByWord(word, text, caseSensitive) {
var wordLen = word.length;
if (wordLen === 0) {
return [];
}
var startPosition = 0, position = [], index = [];
if (!caseSensitive) {
text = text.toLowerCase();
word = word.toLowerCase();
}
while ((position = text.indexOf(word, startPosition)) > -1) {
index.push({position: position, word: word});
startPosition = position + wordLen;
}
return index;
}
indexOfTitle = indexOfTitle.concat(getIndexByWord(keyword, titleInLowerCase, false));
indexOfContent = indexOfContent.concat(getIndexByWord(keyword, contentInLowerCase, false));
});
if (indexOfTitle.length > 0 || indexOfContent.length > 0) {
isMatch = true;
hitCount = indexOfTitle.length + indexOfContent.length;
}
}
// show search results
if (isMatch) {
// sort index by position of keyword
[indexOfTitle, indexOfContent].forEach(function (index) {
index.sort(function (itemLeft, itemRight) {
if (itemRight.position !== itemLeft.position) {
return itemRight.position - itemLeft.position;
} else {
return itemLeft.word.length - itemRight.word.length;
}
});
});
// merge hits into slices
function mergeIntoSlice(text, start, end, index) {
var item = index[index.length - 1];
var position = item.position;
var word = item.word;
var hits = [];
var searchTextCountInSlice = 0;
while (position + word.length < = end & & index.length != 0) {
if (word === searchText) {
searchTextCountInSlice++;
}
hits.push({position: position, length: word.length});
var wordEnd = position + word.length;
// move to next position of hit
index.pop();
while (index.length != 0) {
item = index[index.length - 1];
position = item.position;
word = item.word;
if (wordEnd > position) {
index.pop();
} else {
break;
}
}
}
searchTextCount += searchTextCountInSlice;
return {
hits: hits,
start: start,
end: end,
searchTextCount: searchTextCountInSlice
};
}
var slicesOfTitle = [];
if (indexOfTitle.length != 0) {
slicesOfTitle.push(mergeIntoSlice(title, 0, title.length, indexOfTitle));
}
var slicesOfContent = [];
while (indexOfContent.length != 0) {
var item = indexOfContent[indexOfContent.length - 1];
var position = item.position;
var word = item.word;
// cut out 100 characters
var start = position - 20;
var end = position + 80;
if(start < 0 ) {
start = 0;
}
if (end < position + word . length ) {
end = position + word.length;
}
if(end > content.length){
end = content.length;
}
slicesOfContent.push(mergeIntoSlice(content, start, end, indexOfContent));
}
// sort slices in content by search text's count and hits' count
slicesOfContent.sort(function (sliceLeft, sliceRight) {
if (sliceLeft.searchTextCount !== sliceRight.searchTextCount) {
return sliceRight.searchTextCount - sliceLeft.searchTextCount;
} else if (sliceLeft.hits.length !== sliceRight.hits.length) {
return sliceRight.hits.length - sliceLeft.hits.length;
} else {
return sliceLeft.start - sliceRight.start;
}
});
// select top N slices in content
var upperBound = parseInt('1');
if (upperBound >= 0) {
slicesOfContent = slicesOfContent.slice(0, upperBound);
}
// highlight title and content
function highlightKeyword(text, slice) {
var result = '';
var prevEnd = slice.start;
slice.hits.forEach(function (hit) {
result += text.substring(prevEnd, hit.position);
var end = hit.position + hit.length;
result += '< b class = "search-keyword" > ' + text.substring(hit.position, end) + '< / b > ';
prevEnd = end;
});
result += text.substring(prevEnd, slice.end);
return result;
}
var resultItem = '';
if (slicesOfTitle.length != 0) {
resultItem += "< li > < a href = '" + articleUrl + "' class = 'search-result-title' > " + highlightKeyword(title, slicesOfTitle[0]) + "< / a > ";
} else {
resultItem += "< li > < a href = '" + articleUrl + "' class = 'search-result-title' > " + title + "< / a > ";
}
slicesOfContent.forEach(function (slice) {
resultItem += "< a href = '" + articleUrl + "' > " +
"< p class = \"search-result\" > " + highlightKeyword(content, slice) +
"...< / p > " + "< / a > ";
});
resultItem += "< / li > ";
resultItems.push({
item: resultItem,
searchTextCount: searchTextCount,
hitCount: hitCount,
id: resultItems.length
});
}
})
};
if (keywords.length === 1 & & keywords[0] === "") {
resultContent.innerHTML = '< div id = "no-result" > < i class = "fa fa-search fa-5x" / > < / div > '
} else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
resultContent.innerHTML = '< div id = "no-result" > < i class = "fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" / > < / div > '
} else {
resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
return resultRight.searchTextCount - resultLeft.searchTextCount;
} else if (resultLeft.hitCount !== resultRight.hitCount) {
return resultRight.hitCount - resultLeft.hitCount;
} else {
return resultRight.id - resultLeft.id;
}
});
var searchResultList = '< ul class = \"search-result-list\" > ';
resultItems.forEach(function (result) {
searchResultList += result.item;
})
searchResultList += "< / ul > ";
resultContent.innerHTML = searchResultList;
}
}
if ('auto' === 'auto') {
input.addEventListener('input', inputEventFunction);
} else {
$('.search-icon').click(inputEventFunction);
input.addEventListener('keypress', function (event) {
if (event.keyCode === 13) {
inputEventFunction();
}
});
}
// remove loading animation
$(".local-search-pop-overlay").remove();
$('body').css('overflow', '');
proceedsearch();
}
});
}
// handle and trigger popup window;
$('.popup-trigger').click(function(e) {
e.stopPropagation();
if (isfetched === false) {
searchFunc(path, 'local-search-input', 'local-search-result');
} else {
proceedsearch();
};
});
$('.popup-btn-close').click(onPopupClose);
$('.popup').click(function(e){
e.stopPropagation();
});
$(document).on('keyup', function (event) {
var shouldDismissSearchPopup = event.which === 27 & &
$('.search-popup').is(':visible');
if (shouldDismissSearchPopup) {
onPopupClose();
}
});
< / script >
< script src = "https://cdn1.lncld.net/static/js/av-core-mini-0.6.4.js" > < / script >
< script > AV . initialize ( "EWwoJgHNdlj6iBjiFlMcabUO-gzGzoHsz" , "x8FxDrYG79C8YFrTww9ljo8K" ) ; < / script >
< script >
function showTime(Counter) {
var query = new AV.Query(Counter);
var entries = [];
var $visitors = $(".leancloud_visitors");
$visitors.each(function () {
entries.push( $(this).attr("id").trim() );
});
query.containedIn('url', entries);
query.find()
.done(function (results) {
var COUNT_CONTAINER_REF = '.leancloud-visitors-count';
if (results.length === 0) {
$visitors.find(COUNT_CONTAINER_REF).text(0);
return;
}
for (var i = 0; i < results.length ; i + + ) {
var item = results[i];
var url = item.get('url');
var time = item.get('time');
var element = document.getElementById(url);
$(element).find(COUNT_CONTAINER_REF).text(time);
}
for(var i = 0; i < entries.length ; i + + ) {
var url = entries[i];
var element = document.getElementById(url);
var countSpan = $(element).find(COUNT_CONTAINER_REF);
if( countSpan.text() == '') {
countSpan.text(0);
}
}
})
.fail(function (object, error) {
console.log("Error: " + error.code + " " + error.message);
});
}
function addCount(Counter) {
var $visitors = $(".leancloud_visitors");
var url = $visitors.attr('id').trim();
var title = $visitors.attr('data-flag-title').trim();
var query = new AV.Query(Counter);
query.equalTo("url", url);
query.find({
success: function(results) {
if (results.length > 0) {
var counter = results[0];
counter.fetchWhenSave(true);
counter.increment("time");
counter.save(null, {
success: function(counter) {
var $element = $(document.getElementById(url));
$element.find('.leancloud-visitors-count').text(counter.get('time'));
},
error: function(counter, error) {
console.log('Failed to save Visitor num, with error message: ' + error.message);
}
});
} else {
var newcounter = new Counter();
/* Set ACL */
var acl = new AV.ACL();
acl.setPublicReadAccess(true);
acl.setPublicWriteAccess(true);
newcounter.setACL(acl);
/* End Set ACL */
newcounter.set("title", title);
newcounter.set("url", url);
newcounter.set("time", 1);
newcounter.save(null, {
success: function(newcounter) {
var $element = $(document.getElementById(url));
$element.find('.leancloud-visitors-count').text(newcounter.get('time'));
},
error: function(newcounter, error) {
console.log('Failed to create');
}
});
}
},
error: function(error) {
console.log('Error:' + error.code + " " + error.message);
}
});
}
$(function() {
var Counter = AV.Object.extend("Counter");
if ($('.leancloud_visitors').length == 1) {
addCount(Counter);
} else if ($('.post-title-link').length > 1) {
showTime(Counter);
}
});
< / script >
< script >
(function(){
var bp = document.createElement('script');
var curProtocol = window.location.protocol.split(':')[0];
if (curProtocol === 'https') {
bp.src = 'https://zz.bdstatic.com/linksubmit/push.js';
}
else {
bp.src = 'http://push.zhanzhang.baidu.com/push.js';
}
var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
})();
< / script >
< / body >
< / html >
