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什么是信息？什么是加密？什么是侧信道？
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< h1 id = "TCP侧信道分析及利用的学习报告" > < a href = "#TCP侧信道分析及利用的学习报告" class = "headerlink" title = "TCP侧信道分析及利用的学习报告" > < / a > TCP侧信道分析及利用的学习报告< / h1 > < p > < strong > < em > 论文来源：< / em > < / strong > USENIX SECURITY 2018： < br > < strong > < em > 下载：< / em > < / strong > < br > < a href = "https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity18/presentation/chen-weiteng" target = "_blank" rel = "noopener" > 原文pdf< / a > < br > < a href = "https://res.cloudinary.com/dozyfkbg3/raw/upload/v1553316881/ARE/wifi.pptx" target = "_blank" rel = "noopener" > 中文slides< / a > < / p >
< h2 id = "背景知识" > < a href = "#背景知识" class = "headerlink" title = "背景知识" > < / a > 背景知识< / h2 > < h3 id = "测信道" > < a href = "#测信道" class = "headerlink" title = "测信道" > < / a > 测信道< / h3 > < p > < strong > 香农信息论< / strong > < / p >
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< p > < img src = "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Cool-Y/tcp_exploit/master/pic/1.PNG" alt = "信息熵" > < / p >
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< p > < strong > 什么是信息？< / strong > 用来减少随机不确定的东西< / p >
< p > < strong > 什么是加密？< / strong > 类似于加噪声，增加随机不确定性< / p >
< blockquote >
< p > “从密码分析者来看，一个保密系统几乎就是一个通信系统。待传的消息是统计事件，加密所用的密钥按概率选出，加密结果为密报，这是分析者可以利用的，类似于受扰信号。”< / p >
< / blockquote >
< p > < strong > 侧信道随之出现< / strong > 越过加密算法增加的随机不定性，从其他的渠道获取数据标签，确定信息内容。< / p >
< ol >
< li > 早期：采集加密电子设备在运行过程中的时间消耗、功率消耗或者电磁辐射消耗等边缘信息的差异性< / li >
< li > 而随着研究的深入， < / li >
< li > 并在Web应用交互信息传递越来越频繁时， < / li >
< / ol >
< p > < strong > 侧信道攻击的流程< / strong > 第一个就是侧信道泄露的截取，第二个是信息的恢复。< / p >
< hr >
< h3 id = "网络攻击" > < a href = "#网络攻击" class = "headerlink" title = "网络攻击" > < / a > 网络攻击< / h3 > < ol >
< li > 中间人攻击< blockquote >
< p > “指攻击者与通讯的两端分别创建独立的联系，并交换其所收到的数据，使通讯的两端认为他们正在通过一个私密的连接与对方直接对话，但事实上整个会话都被攻击者完全控制。”< / p >
< / blockquote >
< / li >
< / ol >
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< p > < img src = "https://github.com/Cool-Y/tcp_exploit/blob/master/pic/2-Man_in_the_middle_attack.svg.png?raw=true" alt > < / p >
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< ul >
< li > 公共wifi、路由器劫持< / li >
< li > 一般使用加密来防御< / li >
< li > 加密的代价：维护密钥证书、影响功能（运营商无法做缓存）< / li >
< / ul >
< ol start = "2" >
< li > 非中间人攻击/偏离路径攻击/off-path attack< blockquote >
< p > 通信线路之外，攻击者看不到双方的消息，没办法截获和发送通信包。智能伪造成一方给另一方发消息。< / p >
< / blockquote >
< / li >
< / ol >
< ul >
< li > 攻击成功需要：消息合法+最先到达< / li >
< li > 防御措施： < br > 双方在通信前交换一个随机数，这个随机数在每次的通信中都要被附带，而中间人看不见这个随机数，因此伪造的消息被认为不合法。< / li >
< li > 攻击者如何得到这个随机数：侧信道< / li >
< / ul >
< hr >
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< h3 id = "TCP三次握手" > < a href = "#TCP三次握手" class = "headerlink" title = "TCP三次握手" > < / a > TCP三次握手< / h3 > < p > < img src = "https://github.com/Cool-Y/tcp_exploit/blob/master/pic/3-Connection_TCP.png?raw=true" alt > < / p >
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< blockquote >
< ol >
< li > 客户端通过向服务器端发送一个SYN来创建一个主动打开， < em > 随机数A< / em > 。< / li >
< li > 服务器端应当为一个合法的SYN回送一个SYN/ACK。ACK的确认码应为A+1， < em > 随机产生的序号B< / em > 。< / li >
< li > 最后， ， ， ， < / li >
< / ol >
< / blockquote >
< p > 通过三次握手，确定对方不是非中间人< / p >
< p > < strong > < em > TCP序列号的问题< / em > < / strong > < / p >
< table >
< thead >
< tr >
< th style = "text-align:center" > 1985< / th >
< th style = "text-align:center" > 1995< / th >
< th style = "text-align:center" > 2001< / th >
< th style = "text-align:center" > 2004< / th >
< th style = "text-align:center" > 2007< / th >
< th style = "text-align:center" > 2012< / th >
< th style = "text-align:center" > 2012< / th >
< th style = "text-align:center" > 2016< / th >
< / tr >
< / thead >
< tbody >
< tr >
< td style = "text-align:center" > Morris< / td >
< td style = "text-align:center" > Mitnik< / td >
< td style = "text-align:center" > Zalewsky< / td >
< td style = "text-align:center" > Waston< / td >
< td style = "text-align:center" > kLM< / td >
< td style = "text-align:center" > Herzberg< / td >
< td style = "text-align:center" > 作者< / td >
< td style = "text-align:center" > 作者< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td style = "text-align:center" > 初始序列可预测< / td >
< td style = "text-align:center" > 真实利用< / td >
< td style = "text-align:center" > 漏洞仍在< / td >
< td style = "text-align:center" > BGP DoS< / td >
< td style = "text-align:center" > Windows攻击< / td >
< td style = "text-align:center" > Puppet-assisted< / td >
< td style = "text-align:center" > Malware-assisted< / td >
< td style = "text-align:center" > off-path attack< / td >
< / tr >
< / tbody >
< / table >
< ol >
< li > 90年代时发现并不随机： < / li >
< li > 2007年在windows场景下用IDID侧信道猜出序列号： ， < / li >
< / ol >
< hr >
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< h2 id = "Malware-assisted" > < a href = "#Malware-assisted" class = "headerlink" title = "Malware-assisted" > < / a > Malware-assisted< / h2 > < p > < strong > 攻击模型：< / strong > < br > 给受害者安装一个无特权的应用程序（ ） ， ， < br > < img src = "https://github.com/Cool-Y/tcp_exploit/blob/master/pic/5-%E6%94%BB%E5%87%BB%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B.PNG?raw=true" alt > < / p >
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< p > < strong > 如何劫持TCP< / strong > < / p >
< ol >
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< li > < p > 需要的信息： ， ， < br > 使用netstat命令获取： < br > < img src = "https://github.com/Cool-Y/tcp_exploit/blob/master/pic/4-netstat%E8%8E%B7%E5%8F%96%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF.jpg?raw=true" alt > < / p >
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< / li >
< li > < p > 任务： ， < / p >
< / li >
< li > 如何验证序列号正确：通过某种侧信道，这个恶意软件在后台可以提供反馈。< / li >
< / ol >
< h3 id = "变种一：防火墙" > < a href = "#变种一：防火墙" class = "headerlink" title = "变种一：防火墙" > < / a > 变种一：防火墙< / h3 > < p > < strong > 攻击过程：< / strong > TCP三次握手之后产生A和B， ， ， ， ， < / p >
< p > < strong > 具体侧信道方案：< / strong > CPU资源使用率（ ） > TCP计数器（ ） > 低噪音计数器：包被丢掉时，一个相应的错误计数器。< / p >
< p > < strong > 解决方法：< / strong > 关闭防火墙检查序列号的功能< / p >
< h3 id = "变种二：无防火墙" > < a href = "#变种二：无防火墙" class = "headerlink" title = "变种二：无防火墙" > < / a > 变种二：无防火墙< / h3 > < p > 具体侧信道方案： ， < br > 影响范围： < / p >
< hr >
< h2 id = "Pure-off-path-无恶意软件协助" > < a href = "#Pure-off-path-无恶意软件协助" class = "headerlink" title = "Pure off-path:无恶意软件协助" > < / a > Pure off-path:无恶意软件协助< / h2 > < blockquote >
< p > 不植入恶意软件， ： ， < / p >
< / blockquote >
< h3 id = "Global-Rate-Limit" > < a href = "#Global-Rate-Limit" class = "headerlink" title = "Global Rate Limit" > < / a > Global Rate Limit< / h3 > < blockquote >
< p > USENIX 2016 : Off-Path TCP Exploits: Global Rate Limit Considered Dangerous< / p >
< / blockquote >
< p > < strong > 侧信道：< / strong > 所有的侧信道， ， < strong > < em > 服务器上< / em > < / strong > 的共享资源，< strong > < em > 限速器< / em > < / strong > （ ） （ ） < / p >
< p > < strong > 如何利用共享限速器：< / strong > < br > 先判断是否建立了连接。然后伪造TCP包， ， ， ， ， （ ） ； ， < / p >
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< p > < img src = "https://github.com/Cool-Y/tcp_exploit/blob/master/pic/6-GRL-R.PNG?raw=true" alt > < / p >
< p > < img src = "https://github.com/Cool-Y/tcp_exploit/blob/master/pic/7-GRL-L.PNG?raw=true" alt > < / p >
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< p > < strong > 评估：< / strong > 是否建立了连接：< 10s ; Seq： ； < 10s< / p >
< p > < strong > 解决方案：< / strong > 1. 加噪音， ； < / p >
< hr >
< h3 id = "Unfixable-WiFi-timing" > < a href = "#Unfixable-WiFi-timing" class = "headerlink" title = "Unfixable WiFi timing" > < / a > Unfixable WiFi timing< / h3 > < blockquote >
< p > USENIX 2018 : Off-Path TCP Exploit: How Wireless Routers< br > Can Jeopardize Your Secrets< br > 之前的漏洞无论是计数器还是限速器都属于软件，很好更正，但这篇文章的漏洞利用无法修复。< / p >
< / blockquote >
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< p > < strong > TCP收包的原理： < / strong > 通常TCP收包要看这个包是否匹配了当前的某一个连接。如果连接匹配上了， ； ， ， ； ， ， ， < br > < img src = "https://github.com/Cool-Y/tcp_exploit/blob/master/pic/8-%E6%94%B6%E5%8C%85%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86.jpg?raw=true" alt > < / p >
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< p > < strong > 侧信道：< / strong > 攻击者伪装成服务器给客户端发包，正确的序列号会有< strong > < em > 回复< / em > < / strong > ，错误则没有。但回复时发送给服务器的，有没有回复攻击者并不知道。那么如何去判断有没有回复，利用无线网络的 < strong > < em > 半双工< / em > < / strong > 传输。< br > 让有回包和没有回包的时间差异放大。< / p >
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< p > < strong > 判断流程：< / strong > 客户端和路由器之间wifi通信。攻击者依次发送三个数据包， ， ， ， ， < br > < img src = "https://github.com/Cool-Y/tcp_exploit/blob/master/pic/8-Trigger.PNG?raw=true" alt > < / p >
< p > < img src = "https://github.com/Cool-Y/tcp_exploit/blob/master/pic/8-noTrigger.PNG?raw=true" alt > < / p >
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< p > < strong > 评估：< / strong > 在本地环境下， ， < / p >
< p > < strong > 攻击应用：< / strong > < br > < strong > 1. 攻击模型：< / strong > 受害者访问了我们的钓鱼网站， （ ） ， （ ） ， < / p >
< blockquote >
< p > 与理想情况的不同： ； < / p >
< / blockquote >
< pre > < code > Attacker -------wire----------|
Router ---------wireless-------Victim (client)
Server -------wire----------|
< / code > < / pre > < p > < strong > 2. 攻击目标：< / strong > 推断出客户端和服务器是否建立了连接； ； （ ） ， ， ， < / p >
< p > < strong > 3. 攻击过程：< / strong > 假设傀儡已经建立了连接， （ ） ， ， ， ， ， ， ， < / p >
< p > < strong > 4. 细节：< / strong > < / p >
< ul >
< li > < strong > 连接（四元组）推断：< / strong > 每一轮使用30个重复包测试一个端口， ， < strong > < em > web缓存投毒< / em > < / strong > ，还需要傀儡初始化连接来协助，根据系统不同，有不同的端口选择算法可以优化：< strong > < em > windows& macOS< / em > < / strong > 使用全局和顺序端口分配策略为其TCP连接选择短暂的端口号， ， < strong > < em > NAT< / em > < / strong > 端口保留，不需要关心外部端口被转换成不可预知的内部端口。< strong > < em > 来自同一域名的多个IP地址< / em > < / strong > ，这意味着攻击者需要付出更大的代价来推断端口号。< / li >
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< li > < strong > 序列号推断：< / strong > 通过利用时序侧信道来判断是否存在相应的响应，从而将窗口序列号与窗外序列号区分开来。一旦我们得到一个 < strong > < em > 窗口内序列号< / em > < / strong > ，通过进行二分搜索进一步将序列号空间缩小到单个值 < strong > < em > RCV.NXT< / em > < / strong > 。如果还要使用傀儡建立的连接发起web缓存投毒， ： < strong > < em > 增大接收窗口的大小< / em > < / strong > ， ， ， < br > < img src = "https://github.com/Cool-Y/tcp_exploit/blob/master/pic/9-%E5%BA%8F%E5%88%97%E5%8F%B7%E6%8E%A8%E6%96%AD.PNG?raw=true" alt > < / li >
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< li > < p > < strong > TCP劫持： < / strong > 通过劫持傀儡初始化的连接， ， < strong > < em > windows< / em > < / strong > ： ， < br > 因此， ， < strong > < em > （ ） < / em > < / strong > ， ， ， ， ， ， < / p >
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< p > 因此， ， ， ， < br > < img src = "https://github.com/Cool-Y/tcp_exploit/blob/master/pic/9-http%E6%B3%A8%E5%85%A5.PNG?raw=true" alt > < br > < strong > < em > （ ） < / em > < / strong > ， ， ， （ ） ， < br > 此外， ， ， （ ） ， ， ， ， < / p >
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< / li >
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< script src = "https://unpkg.com/gitalk/dist/gitalk.min.js" > < / script >
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function renderGitalk(){
var gitalk = new Gitalk({
owner: 'Cool-Y',
repo: 'gitment-comments',
clientID: '180955a2c3ae3d966d9a',
clientSecret: '1c5db4da72df5e6fc318d12afe5f4406f7c54343',
admin: 'Cool-Y',
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id: decodeURI(location.pathname),
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distractionFreeMode: 'true'
});
gitalk.render('gitalk-container');
}
renderGitalk();
< / script >
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< script src = "https://cdn1.lncld.net/static/js/av-core-mini-0.6.4.js" > < / script >
< script > AV . initialize ( "EWwoJgHNdlj6iBjiFlMcabUO-gzGzoHsz" , "x8FxDrYG79C8YFrTww9ljo8K" ) ; < / script >
< script >
function showTime(Counter) {
var query = new AV.Query(Counter);
var entries = [];
var $visitors = $(".leancloud_visitors");
$visitors.each(function () {
entries.push( $(this).attr("id").trim() );
});
query.containedIn('url', entries);
query.find()
.done(function (results) {
var COUNT_CONTAINER_REF = '.leancloud-visitors-count';
if (results.length === 0) {
$visitors.find(COUNT_CONTAINER_REF).text(0);
return;
}
for (var i = 0; i < results.length ; i + + ) {
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var url = item.get('url');
var time = item.get('time');
var element = document.getElementById(url);
$(element).find(COUNT_CONTAINER_REF).text(time);
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var url = entries[i];
var element = document.getElementById(url);
var countSpan = $(element).find(COUNT_CONTAINER_REF);
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countSpan.text(0);
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})
.fail(function (object, error) {
console.log("Error: " + error.code + " " + error.message);
});
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var $visitors = $(".leancloud_visitors");
var url = $visitors.attr('id').trim();
var title = $visitors.attr('data-flag-title').trim();
var query = new AV.Query(Counter);
query.equalTo("url", url);
query.find({
success: function(results) {
if (results.length > 0) {
var counter = results[0];
counter.fetchWhenSave(true);
counter.increment("time");
counter.save(null, {
success: function(counter) {
var $element = $(document.getElementById(url));
$element.find('.leancloud-visitors-count').text(counter.get('time'));
},
error: function(counter, error) {
console.log('Failed to save Visitor num, with error message: ' + error.message);
}
});
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acl.setPublicReadAccess(true);
acl.setPublicWriteAccess(true);
newcounter.setACL(acl);
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newcounter.set("title", title);
newcounter.set("url", url);
newcounter.set("time", 1);
newcounter.save(null, {
success: function(newcounter) {
var $element = $(document.getElementById(url));
$element.find('.leancloud-visitors-count').text(newcounter.get('time'));
},
error: function(newcounter, error) {
console.log('Failed to create');
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});
}
},
error: function(error) {
console.log('Error:' + error.code + " " + error.message);
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});
}
$(function() {
var Counter = AV.Object.extend("Counter");
if ($('.leancloud_visitors').length == 1) {
addCount(Counter);
} else if ($('.post-title-link').length > 1) {
showTime(Counter);
}
});
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< script >
(function(){
var bp = document.createElement('script');
var curProtocol = window.location.protocol.split(':')[0];
if (curProtocol === 'https') {
bp.src = 'https://zz.bdstatic.com/linksubmit/push.js';
}
else {
bp.src = 'http://push.zhanzhang.baidu.com/push.js';
}
var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
})();
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< link rel = "stylesheet" href = "/lib/needsharebutton/needsharebutton.css" >
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< script src = "/lib/needsharebutton/needsharebutton.js" > < / script >
< script >
pbOptions = {};
pbOptions.iconStyle = "box";
pbOptions.boxForm = "horizontal";
pbOptions.position = "bottomCenter";
pbOptions.networks = "Weibo,Wechat,Douban,QQZone,Twitter,Facebook";
new needShareButton('#needsharebutton-postbottom', pbOptions);
flOptions = {};
flOptions.iconStyle = "box";
flOptions.boxForm = "horizontal";
flOptions.position = "middleRight";
flOptions.networks = "Weibo,Wechat,Douban,QQZone,Twitter,Facebook";
new needShareButton('#needsharebutton-float', flOptions);
< / script >
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< script type = "text/javascript" src = "/js/src/js.cookie.js?v=5.1.4" > < / script >
< script type = "text/javascript" src = "/js/src/scroll-cookie.js?v=5.1.4" > < / script >
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