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< h1 id = "0x00-背景与简介" > < a href = "#0x00-背景与简介" class = "headerlink" title = "0x00 背景与简介" > < / a > 0x00 背景与简介< / h1 > < p > 在分析嵌入式设备的固件时， ， ， ， ， < br > 虽然QEMU在模拟核心芯片组包括CPU上都做的很不错， ， ， ， ， ， ， ， ， ： < / p >
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< ol >
< li > 修补二进制文件。这取决于期望什么硬件，以及它不存在时的行为是什么。< / li >
< li > 把复杂的依赖于硬件的系统服务拆分成小的二级制文件。如跳过运行Web服务器， ， < / li >
< li > 拿到设备的shell， ， < / li >
< / ol >
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< hr >
< h1 id = "REF" > < a href = "#REF" class = "headerlink" title = "REF" > < / a > REF< / h1 > < p > < strong > 综合：< / strong > < br > < a href = "https://shadow-file.blogspot.com/2015/01/dynamically-analyzing-wifi-routers-upnp.html" target = "_blank" rel = "noopener" > 国外大神的博客< / a > < br > < a href = "https://wooyun.js.org/drops/%E9%80%9A%E8%BF%87QEMU%20%E5%92%8C%20IDA%20Pro%E8%BF%9C%E7%A8%8B%E8%B0%83%E8%AF%95%E8%AE%BE%E5%A4%87%E5%9B%BA%E4%BB%B6.html" target = "_blank" rel = "noopener" > 通过QEMU和IDAPro远程调试设备固件< / a > < br > < a href = "https://ray-cp.github.io/archivers/MIPS_Debug_Environment_and_Stack_Overflow" target = "_blank" rel = "noopener" > MIPS漏洞调试环境安装及栈溢出< / a > < br > < a href = "https://wiki.x10sec.org/pwn/arm/environment/" target = "_blank" rel = "noopener" > 环境搭建onCTFWIKI< / a > < br > < a href = "https://www.anquanke.com/post/id/171918" target = "_blank" rel = "noopener" > 路由器漏洞训练平台< / a > < br > < a href = "https://www.anquanke.com/post/id/180714" target = "_blank" rel = "noopener" > 路由器0day漏洞挖掘实战< / a > < br > < a href = "https://5alt.me/wiki/%E9%80%86%E5%90%91" target = "_blank" rel = "noopener" > 逆向常用工具< / a > < / p >
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< p > < strong > 环境搭建：< / strong > < br > < a href = "https://xz.aliyun.com/t/3826" target = "_blank" rel = "noopener" > 路由器漏洞挖掘测试环境的搭建之问题总结< / a > < / p >
< p > < strong > Linux相关知识< / strong > < br > < a href = "http://xstarcd.github.io/wiki/Cloud/qcow2_raw_vmdk.html" target = "_blank" rel = "noopener" > qcow2、raw、vmdk等镜像格式< / a > < br > < a href = "http://joe.is-programmer.com/posts/17753.html" target = "_blank" rel = "noopener" > Linux 引导过程内幕< / a > < br > < a href = "https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/32051645" target = "_blank" rel = "noopener" > Linux启动过程< / a > < / p >
< p > < strong > 调试案例< / strong > < br > < a href = "https://xz.aliyun.com/t/5681" target = "_blank" rel = "noopener" > CVE-2019-10999复现< / a > < br > < a href = "https://ray-cp.github.io/archivers/router_vuln_book_note" target = "_blank" rel = "noopener" > 《家用路由器0day漏洞挖掘》部分案例< / a > < br > < a href = "https://paper.seebug.org/448/" target = "_blank" rel = "noopener" > TP-LINK WR941N路由器研究< / a > < / p >
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< hr >
< h1 id = "0x01-基础条件" > < a href = "#0x01-基础条件" class = "headerlink" title = "0x01 基础条件" > < / a > 0x01 基础条件< / h1 > < ul >
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< li > < p > 一系列的工具，包括：< br > < strong > binwalk< / strong > 帮助你解包固件< br > < strong > buildroot< / strong > mips交叉编译环境帮助你在x86平台下编译mips架构的目标程序 < a href = "https://xz.aliyun.com/t/2505#toc-6" target = "_blank" rel = "noopener" > https://xz.aliyun.com/t/2505#toc-6< / a > < br > < strong > qemu< / strong > 帮助你模拟mips环境< br > < strong > MIPS gdbinit< / strong > 文件使得使用gdb调试mips程序时更方便 < a href = "https://github.com/zcutlip/gdbinit-mips" target = "_blank" rel = "noopener" > https://github.com/zcutlip/gdbinit-mips< / a > < br > < strong > miranda工具< / strong > 用于UPnP分析 < a href = "https://code.google.com/p/miranda-upnp/" target = "_blank" rel = "noopener" > https://code.google.com/p/miranda-upnp/< / a > < br > < strong > MIPS静态汇编审计< / strong > 辅助脚本 < a href = "https://github.com/giantbranch/mipsAudit" target = "_blank" rel = "noopener" > https://github.com/giantbranch/mipsAudit< / a > < br > < strong > 静态编译的gdbserver< / strong > < a href = "https://github.com/rapid7/embedded-tools/tree/master/binaries/gdbserver" target = "_blank" rel = "noopener" > https://github.com/rapid7/embedded-tools/tree/master/binaries/gdbserver< / a > < / p >
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< / li >
< li > < p > 一个< strong > mips Linux< / strong > 环境：< br > 在qemu系统模式下， < / p >
< / li >
< / ul >
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< hr >
< h1 id = "0x02-qemu-用户模式" > < a href = "#0x02-qemu-用户模式" class = "headerlink" title = "0x02 qemu-用户模式" > < / a > 0x02 qemu-用户模式< / h1 > < p > 在user mode下使用qemu执行程序有两种情况， < strong > 静态链接< / strong > ， < strong > 动态链接< / strong > 库，这时候就需要我们来< strong > 指明库的位置< / strong > ，否则目标程序回到系统< code > /lib< / code > 文件下寻找共享库文件。< br > 在 < em > 《揭秘家用路由器0day》< / em > 这本书里面，他给出的方法是：< br > < figure class = "highlight shell" > < table > < tr > < td class = "gutter" > < pre > < span class = "line" > 1< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 2< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < td class = "code" > < pre > < span class = "line" > < span class = "meta" > $< / span > cp $(which qemu-mipsel) ./< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > < span class = "meta" > $< / span > sudo chroot . ./qemu-mipsel ./usr/sbin/miniupnpd< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < / tr > < / table > < / figure > < / p >
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< p > 他把qemu-mipsel复制到固件文件目录下， < code > chroot< / code > 命令改变qemu执行的根目录到当前目录， < code > chroot: failed to run command ‘ ’ < / code > < / p >
< p > 在网上找到了< a href = "https://xz.aliyun.com/t/3826" target = "_blank" rel = "noopener" > 解决方法< / a > ：需要安装使用 < strong > qemu-mips-static< / strong > 才可以< br > < figure class = "highlight shell" > < table > < tr > < td class = "gutter" > < pre > < span class = "line" > 1< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 2< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 3< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < td class = "code" > < pre > < span class = "line" > < span class = "meta" > $< / span > apt-get install qemu binfmt-support qemu-user-static< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > < span class = "meta" > $< / span > cp $(which qemu-mipsel-static ) ./< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > < span class = "meta" > $< / span > sudo chroot . ./qemu-mipsel-static ./usr/sbin/miniupnpd< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < / tr > < / table > < / figure > < / p >
< p > 这里还可利用< code > -E< / code > 用来设置环境变量，< code > LD_PRELOAD " ./lib" < / code > 用来劫持系统调用，另外还有< code > -g< / code > 开启调试模式< / p >
< p > 除此之外，也在< a href = "https://wiki.x10sec.org/pwn/arm/environment/" target = "_blank" rel = "noopener" > CTF-WIKI< / a > 上找到了另一种方法：使用 < strong > qemu-mips 的 -L 参数< / strong > 指定路由器的根目录< br > < figure class = "highlight shell" > < table > < tr > < td class = "gutter" > < pre > < span class = "line" > 1< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < td class = "code" > < pre > < span class = "line" > < span class = "meta" > $< / span > qemu-mipsel -L . ./usr/sbin/miniupnpd< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < / tr > < / table > < / figure > < / p >
< h2 id = "模拟miniupnp" > < a href = "#模拟miniupnp" class = "headerlink" title = "模拟miniupnp" > < / a > 模拟miniupnp< / h2 > < p > 由于没有指定参数， ： < br > < figure class = "highlight shell" > < table > < tr > < td class = "gutter" > < pre > < span class = "line" > 1< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 2< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 3< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 4< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 5< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 6< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 7< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 8< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 9< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 10< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 11< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 12< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 13< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 14< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 15< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 16< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 17< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 18< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 19< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 20< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 21< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 22< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 23< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 24< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 25< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 26< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < td class = "code" > < pre > < span class = "line" > Usage:< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > ./usr/sbin/miniupnpd [-f config_file] [-i ext_ifname] [-o ext_ip]< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > [-a listening_ip] [-p port] [-d] [-U] [-S] [-N]< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > [-u uuid] [-s serial] [-m model_number]< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > [-t notify_interval] [-P pid_filename]< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > [-B down up] [-w url] [-r clean_ruleset_interval]< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > [-A "permission rule"] [-b BOOTID]< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > Notes:< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > There can be one or several listening_ips.< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > Notify interval is in seconds. Default is 30 seconds.< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > Default pid file is '/var/run/miniupnpd.pid'.< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > Default config file is '/etc/miniupnpd.conf'.< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > With -d miniupnpd will run as a standard program.< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > -S sets "secure" mode : clients can only add mappings to their own ip< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > -U causes miniupnpd to report system uptime instead of daemon uptime.< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > -N enables NAT-PMP functionality.< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > -B sets bitrates reported by daemon in bits per second.< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > -w sets the presentation url. Default is http address on port 80< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > -A use following syntax for permission rules :< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > (allow|deny) (external port range) ip/mask (internal port range)< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > examples :< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > "allow 1024-65535 192.168.1.0/24 1024-65535"< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > "deny 0-65535 0.0.0.0/0 0-65535"< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > -b sets the value of BOOTID.UPNP.ORG SSDP header< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > -h prints this help and quits.< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < / tr > < / table > < / figure > < / p >
< p > 根据miniupnpd的启动文件< code > /etc/init.d/miniupnpd< / code > ，小米使用了启动脚本来配置< code > service_start /usr/sbin/miniupnpd -f conffile -d< / code > < br > 其配置文件connfile如下所示： < br > < figure class = "highlight plain" > < table > < tr > < td class = "gutter" > < pre > < span class = "line" > 1< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 2< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 3< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 4< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 5< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 6< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 7< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 8< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 9< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 10< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 11< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 12< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 13< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < td class = "code" > < pre > < span class = "line" > ext_ifname=eth0.2< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > listening_ip=br-lan< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > port=5351< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > enable_natpmp=yes< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > enable_upnp=yes< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > secure_mode=no< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > system_uptime=yes< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > lease_file=/tmp/upnp.leases< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > bitrate_down=8388608< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > bitrate_up=4194304< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > uuid=e1f3a0ec-d9d4-4317-a14b-130cdd18d092< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > allow 1024-65535 0.0.0.0/0 1024-65535< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > deny 0-65535 0.0.0.0/0 0-65535< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < / tr > < / table > < / figure > < / p >
< ul >
< li style = "list-style: none" > < input type = "checkbox" > 可见因路由器的特殊性，具有两张网卡(eth0.2& br-lan)， ， ？ < figure class = "highlight shell" > < table > < tr > < td class = "gutter" > < pre > < span class = "line" > 1< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 2< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 3< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 4< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < td class = "code" > < pre > < span class = "line" > < span class = "meta" > $< / span > sudo qemu-mipsel -L . ./usr/sbin/miniupnpd -f ../../MiniUPnP/miniupnpd.conf -d< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > miniupnpd[7687]: system uptime is 5652 seconds< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > miniupnpd[7687]: iptc_init() failed : iptables who? (do you need to insmod?)< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > miniupnpd[7687]: Failed to init redirection engine. EXITING< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < / tr > < / table > < / figure >
< / li >
< / ul >
2019-07-25 14:36:55 +00:00
< hr >
< h1 id = "0x03-qemu-系统模式" > < a href = "#0x03-qemu-系统模式" class = "headerlink" title = "0x03 qemu-系统模式" > < / a > 0x03 qemu-系统模式< / h1 > < p > 系统模式命令格式：< code > $qemu system-mips [option][disk_image]< / code > < / p >
2019-07-25 14:22:59 +00:00
< h2 id = "MIPS系统网络配置" > < a href = "#MIPS系统网络配置" class = "headerlink" title = "MIPS系统网络配置" > < / a > MIPS系统网络配置< / h2 > < p > 下载mips系统内核和虚拟机镜像 < a href = "https://people.debian.org/~aurel32/qemu/" target = "_blank" rel = "noopener" > https://people.debian.org/~aurel32/qemu/< / a > < br > < figure class = "highlight plain" > < table > < tr > < td class = "gutter" > < pre > < span class = "line" > 1< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 2< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 3< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 4< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < td class = "code" > < pre > < span class = "line" > To use this image, you need to install QEMU 1.1.0 (or later). Start QEMU< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > with the following arguments for a 32-bit machine:< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > - qemu-system-mipsel -M malta -kernel vmlinux-2.6.32-5-4kc-malta -hda debian_squeeze_mipsel_standard.qcow2 -append " root=/dev/sda1 console=tty0" < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > - qemu-system-mipsel -M malta -kernel vmlinux-3.2.0-4-4kc-malta -hda debian_wheezy_mipsel_standard.qcow2 -append " root=/dev/sda1 console=tty0" < / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < / tr > < / table > < / figure > < / p >
< p > < strong > 1. 安装依赖文件< / strong > < code > apt-get install uml-utilities bridge-utils< / code > < / p >
< p > < strong > 2. 修改主机网络配置< / strong > < br > < figure class = "highlight plain" > < table > < tr > < td class = "gutter" > < pre > < span class = "line" > 1< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 2< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 3< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 4< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 5< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 6< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 7< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 8< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 9< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 10< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < td class = "code" > < pre > < span class = "line" > auto lo< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > iface lo inet loopback< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > auto ens33< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > iface eth0 inet dhcp< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > #auto br0< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > iface br0 inet dhcp< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > bridge_ports ens33< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > bridge_maxwait 0< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < / tr > < / table > < / figure > < / p >
< p > < strong > 3. 修改qemu网络接口启动脚本< / strong > < br > < figure class = "highlight plain" > < table > < tr > < td class = "gutter" > < pre > < span class = "line" > 1< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 2< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 3< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 4< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 5< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 6< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 7< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 8< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 9< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < td class = "code" > < pre > < span class = "line" > $ sudo vim /etc/qemu-ifup < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > $ sudo chmod a+x /etc/qemu-ifup< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > #!/bin/sh< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > echo " Executing /etc/qemu-ifup" < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > echo " Bringing $1 for bridged mode..." < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > sudo /sbin/ifconfig $1 0.0.0.0 promisc up< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > echo " Adding $1 to br0..." < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > sudo /sbin/brctl addif br0 $1< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > sleep 3< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < / tr > < / table > < / figure > < / p >
< figure class = "highlight plain" > < table > < tr > < td class = "gutter" > < pre > < span class = "line" > 1< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < td class = "code" > < pre > < span class = "line" > $ sudo /etc/init.d/networking restart< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < / tr > < / table > < / figure >
< p > < strong > 4. qemu启动配置< / strong > < br > < figure class = "highlight plain" > < table > < tr > < td class = "gutter" > < pre > < span class = "line" > 1< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 2< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < td class = "code" > < pre > < span class = "line" > $ sudo ifdown ens33< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > $ sudo ifup br0< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < / tr > < / table > < / figure > < / p >
< p > < strong > 5. 启动mips虚拟机< / strong > < br > < code > sudo qemu-system-mipsel -M malta -kernel vmlinux-3.2.0-4-4kc-malta -hda debian_wheezy_mipsel_standard.qcow2 -append " root=/dev/sda1 console=tty0" -net nic,macaddr=00:16:3e:00:00:01 -net tap -nographic< / code > < / p >
< p > 我自闭了， ， < / p >
2019-07-25 14:36:55 +00:00
< hr >
< h1 id = "0x04-在mips虚拟机中调试" > < a href = "#0x04-在mips虚拟机中调试" class = "headerlink" title = "0x04 在mips虚拟机中调试" > < / a > 0x04 在mips虚拟机中调试< / h1 > < p > 现在通过上面的配置我得到了这样一台虚拟机， < br > < figure class = "highlight shell" > < table > < tr > < td class = "gutter" > < pre > < span class = "line" > 1< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 2< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 3< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 4< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 5< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 6< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 7< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 8< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 9< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 10< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 11< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 12< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 13< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 14< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 15< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 16< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 17< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 18< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 19< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < td class = "code" > < pre > < span class = "line" > root@debian-mipsel:/home/user/mi_wifi_r3_112# ifconfig< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > eth1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:16:3e:00:00:01< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > inet addr:192.168.31.246 Bcast:192.168.31.255 Mask:255.255.255.0< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > inet6 addr: fe80::216:3eff:fe00:1/64 Scope:Link< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > RX packets:89377 errors:75 dropped:360 overruns:0 frame:0< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > TX packets:9114 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > RX bytes:103978997 (99.1 MiB) TX bytes:924287 (902.6 KiB)< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > Interrupt:10 Base address:0x1020< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > lo Link encap:Local Loopback< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > RX packets:8 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > TX packets:8 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > collisions:0 txqueuelen:0< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > RX bytes:560 (560.0 B) TX bytes:560 (560.0 B)< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < / tr > < / table > < / figure > < / p >
2019-07-25 14:22:59 +00:00
< p > 已经把我的小米固件全部上传到这个虚拟机中< br > < figure class = "highlight shell" > < table > < tr > < td class = "gutter" > < pre > < span class = "line" > 1< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 2< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < td class = "code" > < pre > < span class = "line" > root@debian-mipsel:/home/user/mi_wifi_r3_112# ls< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > bin data dev etc extdisks lib libnvram-faker.so mnt opt overlay proc qemu-mipsel-static readonly rom root sbin sys tmp userdisk usr var www< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < / tr > < / table > < / figure > < / p >
< p > 和用户模式一样， ， ， < br > < figure class = "highlight shell" > < table > < tr > < td class = "gutter" > < pre > < span class = "line" > 1< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 2< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 3< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 4< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 5< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 6< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 7< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 8< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 9< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 10< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 11< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 12< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 13< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 14< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 15< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 16< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 17< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 18< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 19< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 20< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 21< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 22< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 23< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 24< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 25< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 26< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 27< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < td class = "code" > < pre > < span class = "line" > root@debian-mipsel:/home/user/mi_wifi_r3_112# chroot . ./usr/sbin/miniupnpd< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > Usage:< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > ./usr/sbin/miniupnpd [-f config_file] [-i ext_ifname] [-o ext_ip]< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > [-a listening_ip] [-p port] [-d] [-U] [-S] [-N]< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > [-u uuid] [-s serial] [-m model_number]< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > [-t notify_interval] [-P pid_filename]< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > [-B down up] [-w url] [-r clean_ruleset_interval]< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > [-A "permission rule"] [-b BOOTID]< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > < / span > < br > < span class = "line" > Notes:< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > There can be one or several listening_ips.< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > Notify interval is in seconds. Default is 30 seconds.< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > Default pid file is '/var/run/miniupnpd.pid'.< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > Default config file is '/etc/miniupnpd.conf'.< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > With -d miniupnpd will run as a standard program.< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > -S sets "secure" mode : clients can only add mappings to their own ip< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > -U causes miniupnpd to report system uptime instead of daemon uptime.< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > -N enables NAT-PMP functionality.< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > -B sets bitrates reported by daemon in bits per second.< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > -w sets the presentation url. Default is http address on port 80< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > -A use following syntax for permission rules :< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > (allow|deny) (external port range) ip/mask (internal port range)< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > examples :< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > "allow 1024-65535 192.168.1.0/24 1024-65535"< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > "deny 0-65535 0.0.0.0/0 0-65535"< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > -b sets the value of BOOTID.UPNP.ORG SSDP header< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > -h prints this help and quits.< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < / tr > < / table > < / figure > < / p >
< p > 直接运行起来， ， < code > Default config file is ' /etc/miniupnpd.conf' .< / code > ，所以我不再使用< code > -f< / code > 参数来指定，而是把配置文件放在默认目录下，在小米路由器里，< code > ext_ifname< / code > 是外部ip， < code > listening_ip< / code > 是内部ip。但是我这里还没有开启两个， < br > < figure class = "highlight shell" > < table > < tr > < td class = "gutter" > < pre > < span class = "line" > 1< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 2< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 3< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 4< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 5< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 6< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 7< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 8< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 9< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 10< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 11< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 12< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 13< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < td class = "code" > < pre > < span class = "line" > ext_ifname=eth1< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > listening_ip=eth1< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > port=5351< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > enable_natpmp=yes< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > enable_upnp=yes< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > secure_mode=no< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > system_uptime=yes< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > lease_file=/tmp/upnp.leases< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > bitrate_down=8388608< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > bitrate_up=4194304< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > uuid=e1f3a0ec-d9d4-4317-a14b-130cdd18d092< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > allow 1024-65535 0.0.0.0/0 1024-65535< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > deny 0-65535 0.0.0.0/0 0-65535< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < / tr > < / table > < / figure > < / p >
< p > 在这个配置下， < code > daemon(): No such file or directory< / code > < br > < figure class = "highlight plain" > < table > < tr > < td class = "gutter" > < pre > < span class = "line" > 1< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 2< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < td class = "code" > < pre > < span class = "line" > root@debian-mipsel:/home/user/mi_wifi_r3_112# chroot . ./usr/sbin/miniupnpd< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > root@debian-mipsel:/home/user/mi_wifi_r3_112# daemon(): No such file or directory< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < / tr > < / table > < / figure > < / p >
< p > 我起初猜测是因为缺乏< code > NVRAM< / code > < / p >
< blockquote >
< p > 在运行系统服务， ， ， ， < / p >
< / blockquote >
< p > 于是我运行二进制程序时， < code > nvram_get()< / code > 调用。nvram-faker会查询你提供的一个INI风格的配置文件， < br > 这里有一个链接：< a href = "https://github.com/zcutlip/nvram-faker" target = "_blank" rel = "noopener" > https://github.com/zcutlip/nvram-faker< / a > < br > < figure class = "highlight shell" > < table > < tr > < td class = "gutter" > < pre > < span class = "line" > 1< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 2< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < td class = "code" > < pre > < span class = "line" > root@debian-mipsel:/home/user/mi_wifi_r3_112# chroot . /bin/sh -c "LD_PRELOAD=/libnvram-faker.so /usr/sbin/miniupnpd"< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > root@debian-mipsel:/home/user/mi_wifi_r3_112# daemon(): No such file or directory< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < / tr > < / table > < / figure > < / p >
< p > 问题依然存在， ， ， ？ ， < br > 但是， ！ ， ！ < / p >
2019-07-25 14:36:55 +00:00
< hr >
< h1 id = "0x05-设备上调试程序" > < a href = "#0x05-设备上调试程序" class = "headerlink" title = "0x05 设备上调试程序" > < / a > 0x05 设备上调试程序< / h1 > < blockquote >
2019-07-25 14:22:59 +00:00
< p > 1、有shell权限< br > 2、有静态编译的gdbserver或者gdb< / p >
< / blockquote >
< p > 只要满足上面两个条件，我们就可以通过在路由器上运行< code > gdbserver_mipsle --attach 0.0.0.0:port PID< / code > 以及 在你的电脑上使用 < strong > gdb-multiarch< / strong > 进行调试(先指定架构， < br > < figure class = "highlight plain" > < table > < tr > < td class = "gutter" > < pre > < span class = "line" > 1< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 2< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < td class = "code" > < pre > < span class = "line" > pwndbg> set architecture mips (但大多数情况下这一步可以省略, 似乎 pwndbg 能自动识别架构)< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > pwndbg> target remote localhost:1234< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < / tr > < / table > < / figure > < / p >
< p > 能根据固件中的bin得知这是一个小端mips指令集的设备， ， < a href = "https://github.com/rapid7/embedded-tools/tree/master/binaries/gdbserver" target = "_blank" rel = "noopener" > https://github.com/rapid7/embedded-tools/tree/master/binaries/gdbserver< / a > < br > 把gdbserver.mipsbe通过tftp上传到路由器的/tmp目录下， ： < br > < figure class = "highlight plain" > < table > < tr > < td class = "gutter" > < pre > < span class = "line" > 1< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 2< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 3< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < td class = "code" > < pre > < span class = "line" > root@XiaoQiang:/# ps |grep miniupnp< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 12517 root 1772 S grep miniupnp< / span > < br > < span class = "line" > 28284 root 1496 S /usr/sbin/miniupnpd -f /var/etc/miniupnpd.conf< / span > < br > < / pre > < / td > < / tr > < / table > < / figure > < / p >
< p > < strong > gdbserver attach< / strong > 这个进程，就可以通过< strong > gdb< / strong > 或者< strong > IDA< / strong > 远程调试这个程序< / p >
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isXml = false;
}
var path = "/" + search_path;
// monitor main search box;
var onPopupClose = function (e) {
$('.popup').hide();
$('#local-search-input').val('');
$('.search-result-list').remove();
$('#no-result').remove();
$(".local-search-pop-overlay").remove();
$('body').css('overflow', '');
}
function proceedsearch() {
$("body")
.append('< div class = "search-popup-overlay local-search-pop-overlay" > < / div > ')
.css('overflow', 'hidden');
$('.search-popup-overlay').click(onPopupClose);
$('.popup').toggle();
var $localSearchInput = $('#local-search-input');
$localSearchInput.attr("autocapitalize", "none");
$localSearchInput.attr("autocorrect", "off");
$localSearchInput.focus();
}
// search function;
var searchFunc = function(path, search_id, content_id) {
'use strict';
// start loading animation
$("body")
.append('< div class = "search-popup-overlay local-search-pop-overlay" > ' +
'< div id = "search-loading-icon" > ' +
'< i class = "fa fa-spinner fa-pulse fa-5x fa-fw" > < / i > ' +
'< / div > ' +
'< / div > ')
.css('overflow', 'hidden');
$("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
$.ajax({
url: path,
dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
async: true,
success: function(res) {
// get the contents from search data
isfetched = true;
$('.popup').detach().appendTo('.header-inner');
var datas = isXml ? $("entry", res).map(function() {
return {
title: $("title", this).text(),
content: $("content",this).text(),
url: $("url" , this).text()
};
}).get() : res;
var input = document.getElementById(search_id);
var resultContent = document.getElementById(content_id);
var inputEventFunction = function() {
var searchText = input.value.trim().toLowerCase();
var keywords = searchText.split(/[\s\-]+/);
if (keywords.length > 1) {
keywords.push(searchText);
}
var resultItems = [];
if (searchText.length > 0) {
// perform local searching
datas.forEach(function(data) {
var isMatch = false;
var hitCount = 0;
var searchTextCount = 0;
var title = data.title.trim();
var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
var content = data.content.trim().replace(/< [^>]+>/g,"");
var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
var indexOfTitle = [];
var indexOfContent = [];
// only match articles with not empty titles
if(title != '') {
keywords.forEach(function(keyword) {
function getIndexByWord(word, text, caseSensitive) {
var wordLen = word.length;
if (wordLen === 0) {
return [];
}
var startPosition = 0, position = [], index = [];
if (!caseSensitive) {
text = text.toLowerCase();
word = word.toLowerCase();
}
while ((position = text.indexOf(word, startPosition)) > -1) {
index.push({position: position, word: word});
startPosition = position + wordLen;
}
return index;
}
indexOfTitle = indexOfTitle.concat(getIndexByWord(keyword, titleInLowerCase, false));
indexOfContent = indexOfContent.concat(getIndexByWord(keyword, contentInLowerCase, false));
});
if (indexOfTitle.length > 0 || indexOfContent.length > 0) {
isMatch = true;
hitCount = indexOfTitle.length + indexOfContent.length;
}
}
// show search results
if (isMatch) {
// sort index by position of keyword
[indexOfTitle, indexOfContent].forEach(function (index) {
index.sort(function (itemLeft, itemRight) {
if (itemRight.position !== itemLeft.position) {
return itemRight.position - itemLeft.position;
} else {
return itemLeft.word.length - itemRight.word.length;
}
});
});
// merge hits into slices
function mergeIntoSlice(text, start, end, index) {
var item = index[index.length - 1];
var position = item.position;
var word = item.word;
var hits = [];
var searchTextCountInSlice = 0;
while (position + word.length < = end & & index.length != 0) {
if (word === searchText) {
searchTextCountInSlice++;
}
hits.push({position: position, length: word.length});
var wordEnd = position + word.length;
// move to next position of hit
index.pop();
while (index.length != 0) {
item = index[index.length - 1];
position = item.position;
word = item.word;
if (wordEnd > position) {
index.pop();
} else {
break;
}
}
}
searchTextCount += searchTextCountInSlice;
return {
hits: hits,
start: start,
end: end,
searchTextCount: searchTextCountInSlice
};
}
var slicesOfTitle = [];
if (indexOfTitle.length != 0) {
slicesOfTitle.push(mergeIntoSlice(title, 0, title.length, indexOfTitle));
}
var slicesOfContent = [];
while (indexOfContent.length != 0) {
var item = indexOfContent[indexOfContent.length - 1];
var position = item.position;
var word = item.word;
// cut out 100 characters
var start = position - 20;
var end = position + 80;
if(start < 0 ) {
start = 0;
}
if (end < position + word . length ) {
end = position + word.length;
}
if(end > content.length){
end = content.length;
}
slicesOfContent.push(mergeIntoSlice(content, start, end, indexOfContent));
}
// sort slices in content by search text's count and hits' count
slicesOfContent.sort(function (sliceLeft, sliceRight) {
if (sliceLeft.searchTextCount !== sliceRight.searchTextCount) {
return sliceRight.searchTextCount - sliceLeft.searchTextCount;
} else if (sliceLeft.hits.length !== sliceRight.hits.length) {
return sliceRight.hits.length - sliceLeft.hits.length;
} else {
return sliceLeft.start - sliceRight.start;
}
});
// select top N slices in content
var upperBound = parseInt('1');
if (upperBound >= 0) {
slicesOfContent = slicesOfContent.slice(0, upperBound);
}
// highlight title and content
function highlightKeyword(text, slice) {
var result = '';
var prevEnd = slice.start;
slice.hits.forEach(function (hit) {
result += text.substring(prevEnd, hit.position);
var end = hit.position + hit.length;
result += '< b class = "search-keyword" > ' + text.substring(hit.position, end) + '< / b > ';
prevEnd = end;
});
result += text.substring(prevEnd, slice.end);
return result;
}
var resultItem = '';
if (slicesOfTitle.length != 0) {
resultItem += "< li > < a href = '" + articleUrl + "' class = 'search-result-title' > " + highlightKeyword(title, slicesOfTitle[0]) + "< / a > ";
} else {
resultItem += "< li > < a href = '" + articleUrl + "' class = 'search-result-title' > " + title + "< / a > ";
}
slicesOfContent.forEach(function (slice) {
resultItem += "< a href = '" + articleUrl + "' > " +
"< p class = \"search-result\" > " + highlightKeyword(content, slice) +
"...< / p > " + "< / a > ";
});
resultItem += "< / li > ";
resultItems.push({
item: resultItem,
searchTextCount: searchTextCount,
hitCount: hitCount,
id: resultItems.length
});
}
})
};
if (keywords.length === 1 & & keywords[0] === "") {
resultContent.innerHTML = '< div id = "no-result" > < i class = "fa fa-search fa-5x" / > < / div > '
} else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
resultContent.innerHTML = '< div id = "no-result" > < i class = "fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" / > < / div > '
} else {
resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
return resultRight.searchTextCount - resultLeft.searchTextCount;
} else if (resultLeft.hitCount !== resultRight.hitCount) {
return resultRight.hitCount - resultLeft.hitCount;
} else {
return resultRight.id - resultLeft.id;
}
});
var searchResultList = '< ul class = \"search-result-list\" > ';
resultItems.forEach(function (result) {
searchResultList += result.item;
})
searchResultList += "< / ul > ";
resultContent.innerHTML = searchResultList;
}
}
if ('auto' === 'auto') {
input.addEventListener('input', inputEventFunction);
} else {
$('.search-icon').click(inputEventFunction);
input.addEventListener('keypress', function (event) {
if (event.keyCode === 13) {
inputEventFunction();
}
});
}
// remove loading animation
$(".local-search-pop-overlay").remove();
$('body').css('overflow', '');
proceedsearch();
}
});
}
// handle and trigger popup window;
$('.popup-trigger').click(function(e) {
e.stopPropagation();
if (isfetched === false) {
searchFunc(path, 'local-search-input', 'local-search-result');
} else {
proceedsearch();
};
});
$('.popup-btn-close').click(onPopupClose);
$('.popup').click(function(e){
e.stopPropagation();
});
$(document).on('keyup', function (event) {
var shouldDismissSearchPopup = event.which === 27 & &
$('.search-popup').is(':visible');
if (shouldDismissSearchPopup) {
onPopupClose();
}
});
< / script >
< script src = "https://cdn1.lncld.net/static/js/av-core-mini-0.6.4.js" > < / script >
< script > AV . initialize ( "EWwoJgHNdlj6iBjiFlMcabUO-gzGzoHsz" , "x8FxDrYG79C8YFrTww9ljo8K" ) ; < / script >
< script >
function showTime(Counter) {
var query = new AV.Query(Counter);
var entries = [];
var $visitors = $(".leancloud_visitors");
$visitors.each(function () {
entries.push( $(this).attr("id").trim() );
});
query.containedIn('url', entries);
query.find()
.done(function (results) {
var COUNT_CONTAINER_REF = '.leancloud-visitors-count';
if (results.length === 0) {
$visitors.find(COUNT_CONTAINER_REF).text(0);
return;
}
for (var i = 0; i < results.length ; i + + ) {
var item = results[i];
var url = item.get('url');
var time = item.get('time');
var element = document.getElementById(url);
$(element).find(COUNT_CONTAINER_REF).text(time);
}
for(var i = 0; i < entries.length ; i + + ) {
var url = entries[i];
var element = document.getElementById(url);
var countSpan = $(element).find(COUNT_CONTAINER_REF);
if( countSpan.text() == '') {
countSpan.text(0);
}
}
})
.fail(function (object, error) {
console.log("Error: " + error.code + " " + error.message);
});
}
function addCount(Counter) {
var $visitors = $(".leancloud_visitors");
var url = $visitors.attr('id').trim();
var title = $visitors.attr('data-flag-title').trim();
var query = new AV.Query(Counter);
query.equalTo("url", url);
query.find({
success: function(results) {
if (results.length > 0) {
var counter = results[0];
counter.fetchWhenSave(true);
counter.increment("time");
counter.save(null, {
success: function(counter) {
var $element = $(document.getElementById(url));
$element.find('.leancloud-visitors-count').text(counter.get('time'));
},
error: function(counter, error) {
console.log('Failed to save Visitor num, with error message: ' + error.message);
}
});
} else {
var newcounter = new Counter();
/* Set ACL */
var acl = new AV.ACL();
acl.setPublicReadAccess(true);
acl.setPublicWriteAccess(true);
newcounter.setACL(acl);
/* End Set ACL */
newcounter.set("title", title);
newcounter.set("url", url);
newcounter.set("time", 1);
newcounter.save(null, {
success: function(newcounter) {
var $element = $(document.getElementById(url));
$element.find('.leancloud-visitors-count').text(newcounter.get('time'));
},
error: function(newcounter, error) {
console.log('Failed to create');
}
});
}
},
error: function(error) {
console.log('Error:' + error.code + " " + error.message);
}
});
}
$(function() {
var Counter = AV.Object.extend("Counter");
if ($('.leancloud_visitors').length == 1) {
addCount(Counter);
} else if ($('.post-title-link').length > 1) {
showTime(Counter);
}
});
< / script >
< script >
(function(){
var bp = document.createElement('script');
var curProtocol = window.location.protocol.split(':')[0];
if (curProtocol === 'https') {
bp.src = 'https://zz.bdstatic.com/linksubmit/push.js';
}
else {
bp.src = 'http://push.zhanzhang.baidu.com/push.js';
}
var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
})();
< / script >
< / body >
< / html >
