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<p>这篇文章是对afl的简单使用，可大致分为黑盒测试和白盒测试两个部分。白盒测试从对目标程序的插桩编译开始，然后使用fuzzer对其模糊测试发现崩溃，最后对测试的代码覆盖率进行评估。黑盒测试则演示得较简略。<br>参考：<a href="https://paper.seebug.org/841/#_1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://paper.seebug.org/841/#_1</a></p>
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<p><strong>部署afl</strong></p>
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<blockquote>
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<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">> wget http://lcamtuf.coredump.cx/afl/releases/afl-latest.tgz</span><br><span class="line">> tar -zxvf afl-latest.tgz</span><br><span class="line">> cd afl-2.52b/</span><br><span class="line">> make</span><br><span class="line">> sudo make install</span><br><span class="line">></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
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</blockquote>
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<p><strong>部署qemu</strong></p>
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<blockquote>
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<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">> $ CPU_TARGET=x86_64 ./build_qemu_support.sh</span><br><span class="line">> [+] Build process successful!</span><br><span class="line">> [*] Copying binary...</span><br><span class="line">> -rwxr-xr-x 1 han han 10972920 7月 9 10:43 ../afl-qemu-trace</span><br><span class="line">> [+] Successfully created '../afl-qemu-trace'.</span><br><span class="line">> [!] Note: can't test instrumentation when CPU_TARGET set.</span><br><span class="line">> [+] All set, you can now (hopefully) use the -Q mode in afl-fuzz!</span><br><span class="line">></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
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</blockquote>
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<hr>
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<h1 id="0x01-白盒测试"><a href="#0x01-白盒测试" class="headerlink" title="0x01 白盒测试"></a>0x01 白盒测试</h1><h2 id="目标程序编译"><a href="#目标程序编译" class="headerlink" title="目标程序编译"></a>目标程序编译</h2><ol>
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<li><p>源代码</p>
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<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">#undef _FORTIFY_SOURCE</span><br><span class="line">#include <stdio.h></span><br><span class="line">#include <stdlib.h></span><br><span class="line">#include <unistd.h></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">void vulnerable_function() {</span><br><span class="line"> char buf[128];</span><br><span class="line"> read(STDIN_FILENO, buf, 256);</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">int main(int argc, char** argv) {</span><br><span class="line"> vulnerable_function();</span><br><span class="line"> write(STDOUT_FILENO, "Hello, World\n", 13);</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
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</li>
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<li><p>gcc编译（不插桩）</p>
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<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ gcc v1.c -o v1</span><br><span class="line">$ ./v1</span><br><span class="line">what</span><br><span class="line">Hello, World</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
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</li>
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</ol>
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<p>生成v1的目的一是为了和afl-gcc的编译做对比，二是为黑盒测试做铺垫。</p>
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<ol start="3">
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<li>使用afl-gcc进行编译<br><em>-fno-stack-protector 该选项会禁止stack canary保护<br>-z execstack 允许堆栈可执行</em><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ ../afl-2.52b/afl-gcc -fno-stack-protector -z execstack v1.c -o v1-afl </span><br><span class="line">afl-cc 2.52b by <lcamtuf@google.com></span><br><span class="line">afl-as 2.52b by <lcamtuf@google.com></span><br><span class="line">[+] Instrumented 2 locations (64-bit, non-hardened mode, ratio 100%).</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
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</li>
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</ol>
|
||
<h2 id="测试插桩程序"><a href="#测试插桩程序" class="headerlink" title="测试插桩程序"></a>测试插桩程序</h2><p><strong>afl-showmap</strong> 跟踪单个输入的执行路径，并打印程序执行的输出、捕获的元组（tuples），tuple用于获取分支信息，从而衡量衡量程序覆盖情况。<br><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ ./afl-showmap -o /dev/null -- ../vuln/v1 <<(echo test)</span><br><span class="line">afl-showmap 2.52b by <lcamtuf@google.com></span><br><span class="line">[*] Executing '../vuln/v1'...</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">-- Program output begins --</span><br><span class="line">Hello, World</span><br><span class="line">-- Program output ends --</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">[-] PROGRAM ABORT : No instrumentation detected</span><br><span class="line"> Location : main(), afl-showmap.c:773</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
|
||
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ ./afl-showmap -o /dev/null -- ../vuln/v1-afl <<(echo test)</span><br><span class="line">afl-showmap 2.52b by <lcamtuf@google.com></span><br><span class="line">[*] Executing '../vuln/v1-afl'...</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">-- Program output begins --</span><br><span class="line">Hello, World</span><br><span class="line">-- Program output ends --</span><br><span class="line">[+] Captured 1 tuples in '/dev/null'.</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
|
||
<p>可见，afl-gcc相对于gcc的不同在于采用了插桩计算覆盖率，在这个实例程序中捕捉到了一个元组</p>
|
||
<h2 id="执行FUZZER"><a href="#执行FUZZER" class="headerlink" title="执行FUZZER"></a>执行FUZZER</h2><ol>
|
||
<li>修改core<br>在执行afl-fuzz前，如果系统配置为将核心转储文件（core）通知发送到外部程序。<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ ./afl-fuzz -i ../vuln/testcase/ -o ../vuln/out/ ../vuln/v1-afl</span><br><span class="line">afl-fuzz 2.52b by <lcamtuf@google.com></span><br><span class="line">[+] You have 2 CPU cores and 2 runnable tasks (utilization: 100%).</span><br><span class="line">[*] Checking CPU core loadout...</span><br><span class="line">[+] Found a free CPU core, binding to #0.</span><br><span class="line">[*] Checking core_pattern...</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">[-] Hmm, your system is configured to send core dump notifications to an</span><br><span class="line"> external utility. This will cause issues: there will be an extended delay</span><br><span class="line"> between stumbling upon a crash and having this information relayed to the</span><br><span class="line"> fuzzer via the standard waitpid() API.</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> To avoid having crashes misinterpreted as timeouts, please log in as root</span><br><span class="line"> and temporarily modify /proc/sys/kernel/core_pattern, like so:</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> echo core >/proc/sys/kernel/core_pattern</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">[-] PROGRAM ABORT : Pipe at the beginning of 'core_pattern'</span><br><span class="line"> Location : check_crash_handling(), afl-fuzz.c:7275</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<p>将导致将崩溃信息发送到Fuzzer之间的延迟增大，进而可能将崩溃被误报为超时，所以我们得临时修改core_pattern文件，如下所示：<br><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">echo core >/proc/sys/kernel/core_pattern</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
|
||
<ol start="2">
|
||
<li>通用fuzz语法<br>afl-fuzz对于直接从stdin接受输入的目标二进制文件，通常的语法是：<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ ./afl-fuzz -i testcase_dir -o findings_dir / path / to / program [... params ...]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<p>对于从文件中获取输入的程序，使用“@@”标记目标命令行中应放置输入文件名的位置。模糊器将替换为您：<br><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ ./afl-fuzz -i testcase_dir -o findings_dir / path / to / program @@</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
|
||
<p>此时afl会给我们返回一些信息，这里提示我们有些测试用例无效<br><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">afl-fuzz 2.52b by <lcamtuf@google.com></span><br><span class="line">[+] You have 2 CPU cores and 2 runnable tasks (utilization: 100%).</span><br><span class="line">[*] Checking CPU core loadout...</span><br><span class="line">[+] Found a free CPU core, binding to #0.</span><br><span class="line">[*] Checking core_pattern...</span><br><span class="line">[*] Setting up output directories...</span><br><span class="line">[+] Output directory exists but deemed OK to reuse.</span><br><span class="line">[*] Deleting old session data...</span><br><span class="line">[+] Output dir cleanup successful.</span><br><span class="line">[*] Scanning '../vuln/testcase/'...</span><br><span class="line">[+] No auto-generated dictionary tokens to reuse.</span><br><span class="line">[*] Creating hard links for all input files...</span><br><span class="line">[*] Validating target binary...</span><br><span class="line">[*] Attempting dry run with 'id:000000,orig:1'...</span><br><span class="line">[*] Spinning up the fork server...</span><br><span class="line">[+] All right - fork server is up.</span><br><span class="line"> len = 3, map size = 1, exec speed = 295 us</span><br><span class="line">[*] Attempting dry run with 'id:000001,orig:2'...</span><br><span class="line"> len = 23, map size = 1, exec speed = 125 us</span><br><span class="line">[!] WARNING: No new instrumentation output, test case may be useless.</span><br><span class="line">[+] All test cases processed.</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">[!] WARNING: Some test cases look useless. Consider using a smaller set.</span><br><span class="line">[+] Here are some useful stats:</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> Test case count : 1 favored, 0 variable, 2 total</span><br><span class="line"> Bitmap range : 1 to 1 bits (average: 1.00 bits)</span><br><span class="line"> Exec timing : 125 to 295 us (average: 210 us)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">[*] No -t option specified, so I'll use exec timeout of 20 ms.</span><br><span class="line">[+] All set and ready to roll!</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
|
||
<ol start="3">
|
||
<li>状态窗口<br>我们可以看到afl很快就给我们制造了崩溃</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"> american fuzzy lop 2.52b (v1-afl)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">┌─ process timing ─────────────────────────────────────┬─ overall results ─────┐</span><br><span class="line">│ run time : 0 days, 0 hrs, 4 min, 19 sec │ cycles done : 2477 │</span><br><span class="line">│ last new path : 0 days, 0 hrs, 2 min, 27 sec │ total paths : 3 │</span><br><span class="line">│ last uniq crash : 0 days, 0 hrs, 4 min, 19 sec │ uniq crashes : 1 │</span><br><span class="line">│ last uniq hang : 0 days, 0 hrs, 2 min, 12 sec │ uniq hangs : 1 │</span><br><span class="line">├─ cycle progress ────────────────────┬─ map coverage ─┴───────────────────────┤</span><br><span class="line">│ now processing : 2 (66.67%) │ map density : 0.00% / 0.00% │</span><br><span class="line">│ paths timed out : 0 (0.00%) │ count coverage : 1.00 bits/tuple │</span><br><span class="line">├─ stage progress ────────────────────┼─ findings in depth ────────────────────┤</span><br><span class="line">│ now trying : havoc │ favored paths : 1 (33.33%) │</span><br><span class="line">│ stage execs : 1433/1536 (93.29%) │ new edges on : 2 (66.67%) │</span><br><span class="line">│ total execs : 2.32M │ total crashes : 93.1k (1 unique) │</span><br><span class="line">│ exec speed : 0.00/sec (zzzz...) │ total tmouts : 8 (1 unique) │</span><br><span class="line">├─ fuzzing strategy yields ───────────┴───────────────┬─ path geometry ────────┤</span><br><span class="line">│ bit flips : 0/1152, 0/1149, 0/1143 │ levels : 2 │</span><br><span class="line">│ byte flips : 0/144, 0/14, 0/10 │ pending : 0 │</span><br><span class="line">│ arithmetics : 0/888, 0/25, 0/0 │ pend fav : 0 │</span><br><span class="line">│ known ints : 0/98, 0/390, 0/440 │ own finds : 1 │</span><br><span class="line">│ dictionary : 0/0, 0/0, 0/0 │ imported : n/a │</span><br><span class="line">│ havoc : 2/1.50M, 0/819k │ stability : 100.00% │</span><br><span class="line">│ trim : 11.88%/64, 80.00% ├────────────────────────┘</span><br><span class="line">└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ [cpu000:102%] │</span><br><span class="line">│ stage execs : 1432/1536 (93.23%) │ new edges on : 2 (66.67%) │</span><br><span class="line">+++ Testing aborted by user +++ │ total crashes : 93.1k (1 unique) │</span><br><span class="line">[+] We're done here. Have a nice day! │ total tmouts : 8 (1 unique) │</span><br><span class="line">├─ fuzzing strategy yields ───────────┴───────────────┬─ path geometry ────────┤</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
|
||
<p>由上面AFL状态窗口：<br>① Process timing:Fuzzer运行时长、以及距离最近发现的路径、崩溃和挂起（超时）经过了多长时间。<br>已经运行4m19s，距离上一个最新路径已经过去2min27s，距离上一个独特崩溃已经过去4min19s（可见找到崩溃的速度非常快），距离上一次挂起已经过去2m12s。</p>
|
||
<p>② Overall results：Fuzzer当前状态的概述。</p>
|
||
<p>③ Cycle progress：我们输入队列的距离。队列一共有3个用例，现在是第二个，66.67%</p>
|
||
<p>④ Map coverage：目标二进制文件中的插桩代码所观察到覆盖范围的细节。</p>
|
||
<p>⑤ Stage progress：Fuzzer现在正在执行的文件变异策略、执行次数和执行速度。</p>
|
||
<p>⑥ Findings in depth：有关我们找到的执行路径，异常和挂起数量的信息。</p>
|
||
<p>⑦ Fuzzing strategy yields：关于突变策略产生的最新行为和结果的详细信息。</p>
|
||
<p>⑧ Path geometry：有关Fuzzer找到的执行路径的信息。</p>
|
||
<p>⑨ CPU load：CPU利用率</p>
|
||
<h2 id="afl何时结束"><a href="#afl何时结束" class="headerlink" title="afl何时结束"></a>afl何时结束</h2><p>(1) 状态窗口中”cycles done”字段颜色变为绿色该字段的颜色可以作为何时停止测试的参考，随着周期数不断增大，其颜色也会由洋红色，逐步变为黄色、蓝色、绿色。当其变为绿色时，继续Fuzzing下去也很难有新的发现了，这时便可以通过Ctrl-C停止afl-fuzz。<br>(2) 距上一次发现新路径（或者崩溃）已经过去很长时间<br>(3) 目标程序的代码几乎被测试用例完全覆盖</p>
|
||
<h2 id="处理输出结果"><a href="#处理输出结果" class="headerlink" title="处理输出结果"></a>处理输出结果</h2><blockquote>
|
||
<p>确定造成这些crashes的bug是否可以利用，怎么利用？</p>
|
||
</blockquote>
|
||
<p>afl在fuzzing的过程中同时也产生了这些文件<br><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ tree ../vuln/out/</span><br><span class="line">../vuln/out/</span><br><span class="line">├── crashes</span><br><span class="line">│ ├── id:000000,sig:11,src:000000,op:havoc,rep:64</span><br><span class="line">│ └── README.txt</span><br><span class="line">├── fuzz_bitmap</span><br><span class="line">├── fuzzer_stats</span><br><span class="line">├── hangs</span><br><span class="line">├── plot_data</span><br><span class="line">└── queue</span><br><span class="line"> ├── id:000000,orig:1</span><br><span class="line"> └── id:000001,orig:2</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">3 directories, 7 files</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
|
||
<p>在输出目录中创建了三个子目录并实时更新：</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>queue： 测试每个独特执行路径的案例，以及用户提供的所有起始文件。</li>
|
||
<li>crashes： 导致被测程序接收致命信号的独特测试用例（例如，SIGSEGV，SIGILL，SIGABRT）。条目按接收信号分组。</li>
|
||
<li>hangs： 导致测试程序超时的独特测试用例。将某些内容归类为挂起之前的默认时间限制是1秒内的较大值和-t参数的值。可以通过设置AFL_HANG_TMOUT来微调该值，但这很少是必需的。</li>
|
||
<li>崩溃和挂起被视为“唯一” :如果相关的执行路径涉及在先前记录的故障中未见的任何状态转换。如果可以通过多种方式达到单个错误，那么在此过程中会有一些计数通货膨胀，但这应该会迅速逐渐减少。</li>
|
||
<li>fuzzer_stats：afl-fuzz的运行状态。</li>
|
||
<li>plot_data：用于afl-plot绘图。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h2 id="崩溃类型和可利用性"><a href="#崩溃类型和可利用性" class="headerlink" title="崩溃类型和可利用性"></a>崩溃类型和可利用性</h2><ol>
|
||
<li><p>triage_crashes<br>AFL源码的experimental目录中有一个名为triage_crashes.sh的脚本，可以帮助我们触发收集到的crashes。例如下面的例子中，11代表了SIGSEGV信号，有可能是因为缓冲区溢出导致进程引用了无效的内存；06代表了SIGABRT信号，可能是执行了abort\assert函数或double free导致，这些结果可以作为简单的参考。</p>
|
||
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ experimental/crash_triage/triage_crashes.sh ../vuln/out/ ../vuln/v1-afl 2>&1 | grep SIGNAL</span><br><span class="line">+++ ID 000000, SIGNAL 11 +++</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><p>crashwalk<br>如果你想得到更细致的crashes分类结果，以及导致crashes的具体原因，那么crashwalk就是不错的选择之一。这个工具基于gdb的exploitable插件，安装也相对简单，在ubuntu上，只需要如下几步即可：</p>
|
||
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ apt-get install gdb golang</span><br><span class="line">$ mkdir tools</span><br><span class="line">$ cd tools</span><br><span class="line">$ git clone https://github.com/jfoote/exploitable.git</span><br><span class="line">$ mkdir go</span><br><span class="line">$ export GOPATH=~/tools/go</span><br><span class="line">$ export CW_EXPLOITABLE=~/tools/exploitable/exploitable/exploitable.py</span><br><span class="line">$ go get -u github.com/bnagy/crashwalk/cmd/...</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li style="list-style: none"><input type="checkbox"> 这部分我好像还没完成</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<ol start="3">
|
||
<li>afl-collect<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ afl-collect -d crashes.db -e gdb_script -j 8 -r ../vuln/out/ ../vuln/testcase -- ../vuln/v1-afl</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">*** GDB+EXPLOITABLE SCRIPT OUTPUT ***</span><br><span class="line">[00001] out:id:000000,sig:11,src:000000,op:havoc,rep:64.................: EXPLOITABLE [ReturnAv (1/22)]</span><br><span class="line">*** ***************************** ***</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<hr>
|
||
<h1 id="0x02-代码覆盖率及其相关概念"><a href="#0x02-代码覆盖率及其相关概念" class="headerlink" title="0x02 代码覆盖率及其相关概念"></a>0x02 代码覆盖率及其相关概念</h1><blockquote>
|
||
<p>代码覆盖率是模糊测试中一个极其重要的概念，使用代码覆盖率可以评估和改进测试过程，执行到的代码越多，找到bug的可能性就越大，毕竟，在覆盖的代码中并不能100%发现bug，在未覆盖的代码中却是100%找不到任何bug的。<br>代码覆盖率是一种度量代码的覆盖程度的方式，也就是指源代码中的某行代码是否已执行；对二进制程序，还可将此概念理解为汇编代码中的某条指令是否已执行。其计量方式很多，但无论是GCC的GCOV还是LLVM的SanitizerCoverage，都提供函数（function）、基本块（basic-block）、边界（edge）三种级别的覆盖率检测。</p>
|
||
</blockquote>
|
||
<h2 id="计算代码覆盖率"><a href="#计算代码覆盖率" class="headerlink" title="计算代码覆盖率"></a>计算代码覆盖率</h2><p><strong>GCOV</strong>：插桩生成覆盖率 <strong>LCOV</strong>：图形展示覆盖率 <strong>afl-cov</strong>：调用前两个工具计算afl测试用例的覆盖率</p>
|
||
<ol>
|
||
<li><p>gcc插桩<br><strong>-fprofile-arcs -ftest-coverage</strong></p>
|
||
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ gcc -fprofile-arcs -ftest-coverage ./v1.c -o v1-cov</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><p>afl-cov计算之前fuzzer的过程（结束后）</p>
|
||
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ ../afl-2.52b/afl-cov/afl-cov -d ./out/ --enable-branch-coverage -c . -e "cat AFL_FILE | ./v1-cov AFL_FILE"</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> Non-zero exit status '1' for CMD: /usr/bin/readelf -a cat</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">*** Imported 2 new test cases from: ./out//queue</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> [+] AFL test case: id:000000,orig:1 (0 / 2), cycle: 0</span><br><span class="line"> lines......: 100.0% (6 of 6 lines)</span><br><span class="line"> functions..: 100.0% (2 of 2 functions)</span><br><span class="line"> branches...: no data found</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> Coverage diff (init) id:000000,orig:1</span><br><span class="line"> diff (init) -> id:000000,orig:1</span><br><span class="line"> New src file: /home/han/ck/vuln/v1.c</span><br><span class="line"> New 'function' coverage: main()</span><br><span class="line"> New 'function' coverage: vulnerable_function()</span><br><span class="line"> New 'line' coverage: 11</span><br><span class="line"> New 'line' coverage: 12</span><br><span class="line"> New 'line' coverage: 13</span><br><span class="line"> New 'line' coverage: 6</span><br><span class="line"> New 'line' coverage: 8</span><br><span class="line"> New 'line' coverage: 9</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">++++++ BEGIN - first exec output for CMD: cat ./out//queue/id:000000,orig:1 | ./v1-cov ./out//queue/id:000000,orig:1</span><br><span class="line"> Hello, World</span><br><span class="line"> ++++++ END</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> [+] AFL test case: id:000001,orig:2 (1 / 2), cycle: 0</span><br><span class="line"> lines......: 100.0% (6 of 6 lines)</span><br><span class="line"> functions..: 100.0% (2 of 2 functions)</span><br><span class="line"> branches...: no data found</span><br><span class="line"> [+] Processed 2 / 2 test cases.</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> [+] Final zero coverage report: ./out//cov/zero-cov</span><br><span class="line"> [+] Final positive coverage report: ./out//cov/pos-cov</span><br><span class="line"> lines......: 100.0% (6 of 6 lines)</span><br><span class="line"> functions..: 100.0% (2 of 2 functions)</span><br><span class="line"> branches...: no data found</span><br><span class="line"> [+] Final lcov web report: ./out//cov/web/index.html</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><p>LCOV展示</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<p><img src="https://res.cloudinary.com/dozyfkbg3/image/upload/v1562570048/afl/1.png" alt></p>
|
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<hr>
|
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<h1 id="0x03-黑盒测试（使用qemu"><a href="#0x03-黑盒测试（使用qemu" class="headerlink" title="0x03 黑盒测试（使用qemu"></a>0x03 黑盒测试（使用qemu</h1><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ ./afl-fuzz -i ../vuln/testcase/ -o ../vuln/outQemu -Q ../vuln/v1</span><br><span class="line">american fuzzy lop 2.52b (v1)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">┌─ process timing ─────────────────────────────────────┬─ overall results ─────┐</span><br><span class="line">│ run time : 0 days, 0 hrs, 0 min, 41 sec │ cycles done : 232 │</span><br><span class="line">│ last new path : none yet (odd, check syntax!) │ total paths : 2 │</span><br><span class="line">│ last uniq crash : 0 days, 0 hrs, 0 min, 41 sec │ uniq crashes : 1 │</span><br><span class="line">│ last uniq hang : none seen yet │ uniq hangs : 0 │</span><br><span class="line">├─ cycle progress ────────────────────┬─ map coverage ─┴───────────────────────┤</span><br><span class="line">│ now processing : 0* (0.00%) │ map density : 0.04% / 0.04% │</span><br><span class="line">│ paths timed out : 0 (0.00%) │ count coverage : 1.00 bits/tuple │</span><br><span class="line">├─ stage progress ────────────────────┼─ findings in depth ────────────────────┤</span><br><span class="line">│ now trying : havoc │ favored paths : 1 (50.00%) │</span><br><span class="line">│ stage execs : 255/256 (99.61%) │ new edges on : 1 (50.00%) │</span><br><span class="line">│ total execs : 121k │ total crashes : 33 (1 unique) │</span><br><span class="line">│ exec speed : 2860/sec │ total tmouts : 0 (0 unique) │</span><br><span class="line">├─ fuzzing strategy yields ───────────┴───────────────┬─ path geometry ────────┤</span><br><span class="line">│ bit flips : 0/56, 0/54, 0/50 │ levels : 1 │</span><br><span class="line">│ byte flips : 0/7, 0/5, 0/1 │ pending : 0 │</span><br><span class="line">│ arithmetics : 0/392, 0/25, 0/0 │ pend fav : 0 │</span><br><span class="line">│ known ints : 0/36, 0/138, 0/44 │ own finds : 0 │</span><br><span class="line">│ dictionary : 0/0, 0/0, 0/0 │ imported : n/a │</span><br><span class="line">│ havoc : 1/120k, 0/0 │ stability : 100.00% │</span><br><span class="line">│ trim : 82.61%/5, 0.00% ├────────────────────────┘</span><br><span class="line">^C────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ [cpu000:102%]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
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|
||
}
|
||
</script>
|
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||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=2.1.3"></script>
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||
|
||
|
||
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<script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fastclick/lib/fastclick.min.js?v=1.0.6"></script>
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||
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||
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||
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||
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||
<script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery_lazyload/jquery.lazyload.js?v=1.9.7"></script>
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||
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||
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||
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||
<script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
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||
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||
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||
|
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||
<script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
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||
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<script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
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<script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.4"></script>
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<script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.4"></script>
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<script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/scrollspy.js?v=5.1.4"></script>
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<script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/post-details.js?v=5.1.4"></script>
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<script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.4"></script>
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<script src="https://cdn1.lncld.net/static/js/av-core-mini-0.6.4.js"></script>
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<script>AV.initialize("EWwoJgHNdlj6iBjiFlMcabUO-gzGzoHsz", "x8FxDrYG79C8YFrTww9ljo8K");</script>
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||
<script>
|
||
function showTime(Counter) {
|
||
var query = new AV.Query(Counter);
|
||
var entries = [];
|
||
var $visitors = $(".leancloud_visitors");
|
||
|
||
$visitors.each(function () {
|
||
entries.push( $(this).attr("id").trim() );
|
||
});
|
||
|
||
query.containedIn('url', entries);
|
||
query.find()
|
||
.done(function (results) {
|
||
var COUNT_CONTAINER_REF = '.leancloud-visitors-count';
|
||
|
||
if (results.length === 0) {
|
||
$visitors.find(COUNT_CONTAINER_REF).text(0);
|
||
return;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
for (var i = 0; i < results.length; i++) {
|
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var item = results[i];
|
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var url = item.get('url');
|
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var time = item.get('time');
|
||
var element = document.getElementById(url);
|
||
|
||
$(element).find(COUNT_CONTAINER_REF).text(time);
|
||
}
|
||
for(var i = 0; i < entries.length; i++) {
|
||
var url = entries[i];
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var element = document.getElementById(url);
|
||
var countSpan = $(element).find(COUNT_CONTAINER_REF);
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if( countSpan.text() == '') {
|
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countSpan.text(0);
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}
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}
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||
})
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.fail(function (object, error) {
|
||
console.log("Error: " + error.code + " " + error.message);
|
||
});
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
function addCount(Counter) {
|
||
var $visitors = $(".leancloud_visitors");
|
||
var url = $visitors.attr('id').trim();
|
||
var title = $visitors.attr('data-flag-title').trim();
|
||
var query = new AV.Query(Counter);
|
||
|
||
query.equalTo("url", url);
|
||
query.find({
|
||
success: function(results) {
|
||
if (results.length > 0) {
|
||
var counter = results[0];
|
||
counter.fetchWhenSave(true);
|
||
counter.increment("time");
|
||
counter.save(null, {
|
||
success: function(counter) {
|
||
var $element = $(document.getElementById(url));
|
||
$element.find('.leancloud-visitors-count').text(counter.get('time'));
|
||
},
|
||
error: function(counter, error) {
|
||
console.log('Failed to save Visitor num, with error message: ' + error.message);
|
||
}
|
||
});
|
||
} else {
|
||
var newcounter = new Counter();
|
||
/* Set ACL */
|
||
var acl = new AV.ACL();
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||
acl.setPublicReadAccess(true);
|
||
acl.setPublicWriteAccess(true);
|
||
newcounter.setACL(acl);
|
||
/* End Set ACL */
|
||
newcounter.set("title", title);
|
||
newcounter.set("url", url);
|
||
newcounter.set("time", 1);
|
||
newcounter.save(null, {
|
||
success: function(newcounter) {
|
||
var $element = $(document.getElementById(url));
|
||
$element.find('.leancloud-visitors-count').text(newcounter.get('time'));
|
||
},
|
||
error: function(newcounter, error) {
|
||
console.log('Failed to create');
|
||
}
|
||
});
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
error: function(error) {
|
||
console.log('Error:' + error.code + " " + error.message);
|
||
}
|
||
});
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
$(function() {
|
||
var Counter = AV.Object.extend("Counter");
|
||
if ($('.leancloud_visitors').length == 1) {
|
||
addCount(Counter);
|
||
} else if ($('.post-title-link').length > 1) {
|
||
showTime(Counter);
|
||
}
|
||
});
|
||
</script>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<script>
|
||
(function(){
|
||
var bp = document.createElement('script');
|
||
var curProtocol = window.location.protocol.split(':')[0];
|
||
if (curProtocol === 'https') {
|
||
bp.src = 'https://zz.bdstatic.com/linksubmit/push.js';
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}
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||
else {
|
||
bp.src = 'http://push.zhanzhang.baidu.com/push.js';
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||
}
|
||
var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
|
||
s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
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||
})();
|
||
</script>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</body>
|
||
</html>
|