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<p>这篇文章是对afl的简单使用，可大致分为黑盒测试和白盒测试两个部分。白盒测试从对目标程序的插桩编译开始，然后使用fuzzer对其模糊测试发现崩溃，最后对测试的代码覆盖率进行评估。黑盒测试则演示得较简略。<br>参考：<a href="https://paper.seebug.org/841/#_1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://paper.seebug.org/841/#_1</a></p>
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<p><strong>部署afl</strong></p>
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<blockquote>
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<figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">></span><span class="bash"> wget http://lcamtuf.coredump.cx/afl/releases/afl-latest.tgz</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">></span><span class="bash"> tar -zxvf afl-latest.tgz</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">></span><span class="bash"> <span class="built_in">cd</span> afl-2.52b/</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">></span><span class="bash"> make</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">></span><span class="bash"> sudo make install</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">></span><span class="bash"></span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
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</blockquote>
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<p><strong>部署qemu</strong></p>
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<blockquote>
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<figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">></span><span class="bash"> $ CPU_TARGET=x86_64 ./build_qemu_support.sh</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">></span><span class="bash"> [+] Build process successful!</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">></span><span class="bash"> [*] Copying binary...</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">></span><span class="bash"> -rwxr-xr-x 1 han han 10972920 7月 9 10:43 ../afl-qemu-trace</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">></span><span class="bash"> [+] Successfully created <span class="string">'../afl-qemu-trace'</span>.</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">></span><span class="bash"> [!] Note: can<span class="string">'t test instrumentation when CPU_TARGET set.</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">></span><span class="bash"> [+] All <span class="built_in">set</span>, you can now (hopefully) use the -Q mode <span class="keyword">in</span> afl-fuzz!</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">></span><span class="bash"></span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
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</blockquote>
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<hr>
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<h1 id="0x01-白盒测试"><a href="#0x01-白盒测试" class="headerlink" title="0x01 白盒测试"></a>0x01 白盒测试</h1><h2 id="目标程序编译"><a href="#目标程序编译" class="headerlink" title="目标程序编译"></a>目标程序编译</h2><ol>
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<li><p>源代码</p>
|
||
<figure class="highlight cpp"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="meta-keyword">undef</span> _FORTIFY_SOURCE</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="meta-keyword">include</span> <span class="meta-string"><stdio.h></span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="meta-keyword">include</span> <span class="meta-string"><stdlib.h></span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="meta-keyword">include</span> <span class="meta-string"><unistd.h></span></span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title">vulnerable_function</span><span class="params">()</span> </span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">char</span> buf[<span class="number">128</span>];</span><br><span class="line"> read(STDIN_FILENO, buf, <span class="number">256</span>);</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="title">main</span><span class="params">(<span class="keyword">int</span> argc, <span class="keyword">char</span>** argv)</span> </span>{</span><br><span class="line"> vulnerable_function();</span><br><span class="line"> write(STDOUT_FILENO, <span class="string">"Hello, World\n"</span>, <span class="number">13</span>);</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
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</li>
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<li><p>gcc编译（不插桩）</p>
|
||
<figure class="highlight armasm"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ gcc <span class="built_in">v1</span>.c -o <span class="built_in">v1</span></span><br><span class="line">$ ./<span class="built_in">v1</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="symbol">what</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="symbol">Hello</span>, World</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<p>生成v1的目的一是为了和afl-gcc的编译做对比，二是为黑盒测试做铺垫。</p>
|
||
<ol start="3">
|
||
<li>使用afl-gcc进行编译<br><em>-fno-stack-protector 该选项会禁止stack canary保护<br>-z execstack 允许堆栈可执行</em><figure class="highlight lsl"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ ../afl<span class="number">-2.52</span>b/afl-gcc -fno-stack-protector -z execstack v1.c -o v1-afl </span><br><span class="line">afl-cc <span class="number">2.52</span>b by <lcamtuf@google.com></span><br><span class="line">afl-as <span class="number">2.52</span>b by <lcamtuf@google.com></span><br><span class="line">[+] Instrumented <span class="number">2</span> locations (<span class="number">64</span>-bit, non-hardened mode, ratio <span class="number">100</span>%).</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<h2 id="测试插桩程序"><a href="#测试插桩程序" class="headerlink" title="测试插桩程序"></a>测试插桩程序</h2><p><strong>afl-showmap</strong> 跟踪单个输入的执行路径，并打印程序执行的输出、捕获的元组（tuples），tuple用于获取分支信息，从而衡量衡量程序覆盖情况。<br><figure class="highlight groovy"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ .<span class="regexp">/afl-showmap -o /</span>dev<span class="regexp">/null -- ../</span>vuln/v1 <<(echo test)</span><br><span class="line">afl-showmap <span class="number">2.52</span>b by <lcamtuf<span class="meta">@google</span>.com></span><br><span class="line">[*] Executing <span class="string">'../vuln/v1'</span>...</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">-- Program output begins --</span><br><span class="line">Hello, World</span><br><span class="line">-- Program output ends --</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">[-] PROGRAM <span class="string">ABORT :</span> No instrumentation detected</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="string">Location :</span> main(), afl-showmap.<span class="string">c:</span><span class="number">773</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
|
||
<figure class="highlight cs"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ ./afl-showmap -o /dev/<span class="literal">null</span> -- ../vuln/v1-afl <<(echo test)</span><br><span class="line">afl-showmap <span class="number">2.52b</span> <span class="keyword">by</span> <lcamtuf@google.com></span><br><span class="line">[<span class="meta">*</span>] Executing <span class="string">'../vuln/v1-afl'</span>...</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">-- Program output begins --</span><br><span class="line">Hello, World</span><br><span class="line">-- Program output ends --</span><br><span class="line">[<span class="meta">+</span>] Captured <span class="number">1</span> tuples <span class="keyword">in</span> <span class="string">'/dev/null'</span>.</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
|
||
<p>可见，afl-gcc相对于gcc的不同在于采用了插桩计算覆盖率，在这个实例程序中捕捉到了一个元组</p>
|
||
<h2 id="执行FUZZER"><a href="#执行FUZZER" class="headerlink" title="执行FUZZER"></a>执行FUZZER</h2><ol>
|
||
<li>修改core<br>在执行afl-fuzz前，如果系统配置为将核心转储文件（core）通知发送到外部程序。<figure class="highlight applescript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ ./afl-fuzz -i ../vuln/testcase/ -o ../vuln/out/ ../vuln/v1-afl</span><br><span class="line">afl-fuzz <span class="number">2.52</span>b <span class="keyword">by</span> <lcamtuf@google.com></span><br><span class="line">[+] You have <span class="number">2</span> CPU cores <span class="keyword">and</span> <span class="number">2</span> runnable tasks (utilization: <span class="number">100</span>%).</span><br><span class="line">[*] Checking CPU core loadout...</span><br><span class="line">[+] Found a free CPU core, binding <span class="keyword">to</span> <span class="comment">#0.</span></span><br><span class="line">[*] Checking core_pattern...</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">[-] Hmm, your system <span class="keyword">is</span> configured <span class="keyword">to</span> send core dump notifications <span class="keyword">to</span> an</span><br><span class="line"> external utility. This will cause issues: there will be an extended <span class="built_in">delay</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">between</span> stumbling upon a crash <span class="keyword">and</span> having this information relayed <span class="keyword">to</span> <span class="keyword">the</span></span><br><span class="line"> fuzzer via <span class="keyword">the</span> standard waitpid() API.</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> To avoid having crashes misinterpreted <span class="keyword">as</span> timeouts, please <span class="built_in">log</span> <span class="keyword">in</span> <span class="keyword">as</span> root</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">and</span> temporarily modify /proc/sys/kernel/core_pattern, like so:</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> echo core >/proc/sys/kernel/core_pattern</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">[-] PROGRAM ABORT : Pipe <span class="keyword">at</span> <span class="keyword">the</span> <span class="keyword">beginning</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> 'core_pattern'</span><br><span class="line"> Location : check_crash_handling(), afl-fuzz.c:<span class="number">7275</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<p>将导致将崩溃信息发送到Fuzzer之间的延迟增大，进而可能将崩溃被误报为超时，所以我们得临时修改core_pattern文件，如下所示：<br><figure class="highlight awk"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">echo core ><span class="regexp">/proc/</span>sys<span class="regexp">/kernel/</span>core_pattern</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
|
||
<ol start="2">
|
||
<li>通用fuzz语法<br>afl-fuzz对于直接从stdin接受输入的目标二进制文件，通常的语法是：<figure class="highlight lasso"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ ./afl<span class="params">-fuzz</span> <span class="params">-i</span> testcase_dir <span class="params">-o</span> findings_dir / path / <span class="keyword">to</span> / program <span class="meta">[</span><span class="params">...</span> <span class="keyword">params</span> <span class="params">...</span><span class="meta">]</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<p>对于从文件中获取输入的程序，使用“@@”标记目标命令行中应放置输入文件名的位置。模糊器将替换为您：<br><figure class="highlight awk"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ .<span class="regexp">/afl-fuzz -i testcase_dir -o findings_dir /</span> path <span class="regexp">/ to /</span> program @@</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
|
||
<p>此时afl会给我们返回一些信息，这里提示我们有些测试用例无效<br><figure class="highlight vhdl"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">afl-fuzz <span class="number">2.52</span>b by <lcamtuf@google.com></span><br><span class="line">[+] You have <span class="number">2</span> CPU cores <span class="keyword">and</span> <span class="number">2</span> runnable tasks (utilization: <span class="number">100</span>%).</span><br><span class="line">[*] Checking CPU core loadout...</span><br><span class="line">[+] Found a free CPU core, binding <span class="keyword">to</span> #<span class="number">0</span>.</span><br><span class="line">[*] Checking core_pattern...</span><br><span class="line">[*] Setting up output directories...</span><br><span class="line">[+] Output directory exists but deemed OK <span class="keyword">to</span> reuse.</span><br><span class="line">[*] Deleting old session data...</span><br><span class="line">[+] Output dir cleanup successful.</span><br><span class="line">[*] Scanning '../vuln/testcase/'...</span><br><span class="line">[+] No auto-generated dictionary tokens <span class="keyword">to</span> reuse.</span><br><span class="line">[*] Creating hard links <span class="keyword">for</span> <span class="keyword">all</span> input files...</span><br><span class="line">[*] Validating target binary...</span><br><span class="line">[*] Attempting dry run <span class="keyword">with</span> <span class="symbol">'id</span>:<span class="number">000000</span>,orig:<span class="number">1</span>'...</span><br><span class="line">[*] Spinning up the fork server...</span><br><span class="line">[+] <span class="keyword">All</span> right - fork server <span class="keyword">is</span> up.</span><br><span class="line"> len = <span class="number">3</span>, <span class="keyword">map</span> size = <span class="number">1</span>, exec speed = <span class="number">295</span> us</span><br><span class="line">[*] Attempting dry run <span class="keyword">with</span> <span class="symbol">'id</span>:<span class="number">000001</span>,orig:<span class="number">2</span>'...</span><br><span class="line"> len = <span class="number">23</span>, <span class="keyword">map</span> size = <span class="number">1</span>, exec speed = <span class="number">125</span> us</span><br><span class="line">[!] <span class="literal">WARNING</span>: No <span class="keyword">new</span> instrumentation output, test <span class="keyword">case</span> may be useless.</span><br><span class="line">[+] <span class="keyword">All</span> test cases processed.</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">[!] <span class="literal">WARNING</span>: Some test cases look useless. Consider using a smaller set.</span><br><span class="line">[+] Here are some useful stats:</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> Test <span class="keyword">case</span> count : <span class="number">1</span> favored, <span class="number">0</span> <span class="keyword">variable</span>, <span class="number">2</span> total</span><br><span class="line"> Bitmap <span class="keyword">range</span> : <span class="number">1</span> <span class="keyword">to</span> <span class="number">1</span> bits (average: <span class="number">1.00</span> bits)</span><br><span class="line"> Exec timing : <span class="number">125</span> <span class="keyword">to</span> <span class="number">295</span> us (average: <span class="number">210</span> us)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">[*] No -t option specified, so I<span class="symbol">'ll</span> <span class="keyword">use</span> exec timeout <span class="keyword">of</span> <span class="number">20</span> ms.</span><br><span class="line">[+] <span class="keyword">All</span> set <span class="keyword">and</span> ready <span class="keyword">to</span> roll!</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
|
||
<ol start="3">
|
||
<li>状态窗口<br>我们可以看到afl很快就给我们制造了崩溃</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<figure class="highlight ada"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"> american fuzzy lop <span class="number">2.52</span>b (v1-afl)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">┌─ process timing ─────────────────────────────────────┬─ overall results ─────┐</span><br><span class="line">│ run time : 0 <span class="type">days</span>, <span class="number">0</span> hrs, <span class="number">4</span> min, <span class="number">19</span> sec │ cycles done : 2477 │</span><br><span class="line">│ last <span class="keyword">new</span> path : 0 <span class="type">days</span>, <span class="number">0</span> hrs, <span class="number">2</span> min, <span class="number">27</span> sec │ total paths : 3 │</span><br><span class="line">│ last uniq crash : 0 <span class="type">days</span>, <span class="number">0</span> hrs, <span class="number">4</span> min, <span class="number">19</span> sec │ uniq crashes : 1 │</span><br><span class="line">│ last uniq hang : 0 <span class="type">days</span>, <span class="number">0</span> hrs, <span class="number">2</span> min, <span class="number">12</span> sec │ uniq hangs : 1 │</span><br><span class="line">├─ cycle progress ────────────────────┬─ map coverage ─┴───────────────────────┤</span><br><span class="line">│ now processing : 2 (66.67%) │ map density : 0.00% / 0.00% │</span><br><span class="line">│ paths timed <span class="keyword">out</span> : 0 (0.00%) │ count coverage : 1.00 <span class="type">bits</span>/tuple │</span><br><span class="line">├─ stage progress ────────────────────┼─ findings <span class="keyword">in</span> depth ────────────────────┤</span><br><span class="line">│ now trying : <span class="type">havoc</span> │ favored paths : 1 (33.33%) │</span><br><span class="line">│ stage execs : 1433/1536 (93.29%) │ <span class="keyword">new</span> edges on : 2 (66.67%) │</span><br><span class="line">│ total execs : 2.32<span class="type">M</span> │ total crashes : 93.1<span class="type">k</span> (<span class="number">1</span> unique) │</span><br><span class="line">│ exec speed : 0.00/<span class="type">sec</span> (zzzz...) │ total tmouts : 8 (1 <span class="type">unique</span>) │</span><br><span class="line">├─ fuzzing strategy yields ───────────┴───────────────┬─ path geometry ────────┤</span><br><span class="line">│ bit flips : 0/1152, 0/1149, 0/1143 │ <span class="type">levels</span> : 2 │</span><br><span class="line">│ byte flips : 0/144, 0/14, 0/10 │ <span class="type">pending</span> : 0 │</span><br><span class="line">│ arithmetics : 0/888, 0/25, 0/0 │ <span class="type">pend</span> fav : 0 │</span><br><span class="line">│ known ints : 0/98, 0/390, 0/440 │ <span class="type">own</span> finds : 1 │</span><br><span class="line">│ dictionary : 0/0, 0/0, 0/0 │ <span class="type">imported</span> : <span class="type">n</span>/a │</span><br><span class="line">│ havoc : 2/1.50<span class="type">M</span>, <span class="number">0</span>/<span class="number">819</span>k │ stability : 100.00% │</span><br><span class="line">│ trim : 11.88%/64, 80.00% ├────────────────────────┘</span><br><span class="line">└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ [cpu000:<span class="number">102</span>%] │</span><br><span class="line">│ stage execs : 1432/1536 (93.23%) │ <span class="keyword">new</span> edges on : 2 (66.67%) │</span><br><span class="line">+++ Testing aborted by user +++ │ total crashes : 93.1<span class="type">k</span> (<span class="number">1</span> unique) │</span><br><span class="line">[+] We<span class="symbol">'re</span> done here. Have a nice day! │ total tmouts : 8 (1 <span class="type">unique</span>) │</span><br><span class="line">├─ fuzzing strategy yields ───────────┴───────────────┬─ path geometry ────────┤</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
|
||
<p>由上面AFL状态窗口：<br>① Process timing:Fuzzer运行时长、以及距离最近发现的路径、崩溃和挂起（超时）经过了多长时间。<br>已经运行4m19s，距离上一个最新路径已经过去2min27s，距离上一个独特崩溃已经过去4min19s（可见找到崩溃的速度非常快），距离上一次挂起已经过去2m12s。</p>
|
||
<p>② Overall results：Fuzzer当前状态的概述。</p>
|
||
<p>③ Cycle progress：我们输入队列的距离。队列一共有3个用例，现在是第二个，66.67%</p>
|
||
<p>④ Map coverage：目标二进制文件中的插桩代码所观察到覆盖范围的细节。</p>
|
||
<p>⑤ Stage progress：Fuzzer现在正在执行的文件变异策略、执行次数和执行速度。</p>
|
||
<p>⑥ Findings in depth：有关我们找到的执行路径，异常和挂起数量的信息。</p>
|
||
<p>⑦ Fuzzing strategy yields：关于突变策略产生的最新行为和结果的详细信息。</p>
|
||
<p>⑧ Path geometry：有关Fuzzer找到的执行路径的信息。</p>
|
||
<p>⑨ CPU load：CPU利用率</p>
|
||
<h2 id="afl何时结束"><a href="#afl何时结束" class="headerlink" title="afl何时结束"></a>afl何时结束</h2><p>(1) 状态窗口中”cycles done”字段颜色变为绿色该字段的颜色可以作为何时停止测试的参考，随着周期数不断增大，其颜色也会由洋红色，逐步变为黄色、蓝色、绿色。当其变为绿色时，继续Fuzzing下去也很难有新的发现了，这时便可以通过Ctrl-C停止afl-fuzz。<br>(2) 距上一次发现新路径（或者崩溃）已经过去很长时间<br>(3) 目标程序的代码几乎被测试用例完全覆盖</p>
|
||
<h2 id="处理输出结果"><a href="#处理输出结果" class="headerlink" title="处理输出结果"></a>处理输出结果</h2><blockquote>
|
||
<p>确定造成这些crashes的bug是否可以利用，怎么利用？</p>
|
||
</blockquote>
|
||
<p>afl在fuzzing的过程中同时也产生了这些文件<br><figure class="highlight routeros"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ tree <span class="built_in">..</span>/vuln/out/</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">..</span>/vuln/out/</span><br><span class="line">├── crashes</span><br><span class="line">│ ├── id:000000,sig:11,src:000000,op:havoc,rep:64</span><br><span class="line">│ └── README.txt</span><br><span class="line">├── fuzz_bitmap</span><br><span class="line">├── fuzzer_stats</span><br><span class="line">├── hangs</span><br><span class="line">├── plot_data</span><br><span class="line">└── queue</span><br><span class="line"> ├── id:000000,orig:1</span><br><span class="line"> └── id:000001,orig:2</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">3 directories, 7 files</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
|
||
<p>在输出目录中创建了三个子目录并实时更新：</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>queue： 测试每个独特执行路径的案例，以及用户提供的所有起始文件。</li>
|
||
<li>crashes： 导致被测程序接收致命信号的独特测试用例（例如，SIGSEGV，SIGILL，SIGABRT）。条目按接收信号分组。</li>
|
||
<li>hangs： 导致测试程序超时的独特测试用例。将某些内容归类为挂起之前的默认时间限制是1秒内的较大值和-t参数的值。可以通过设置AFL_HANG_TMOUT来微调该值，但这很少是必需的。</li>
|
||
<li>崩溃和挂起被视为“唯一” :如果相关的执行路径涉及在先前记录的故障中未见的任何状态转换。如果可以通过多种方式达到单个错误，那么在此过程中会有一些计数通货膨胀，但这应该会迅速逐渐减少。</li>
|
||
<li>fuzzer_stats：afl-fuzz的运行状态。</li>
|
||
<li>plot_data：用于afl-plot绘图。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h2 id="崩溃类型和可利用性"><a href="#崩溃类型和可利用性" class="headerlink" title="崩溃类型和可利用性"></a>崩溃类型和可利用性</h2><ol>
|
||
<li><p>triage_crashes<br>AFL源码的experimental目录中有一个名为triage_crashes.sh的脚本，可以帮助我们触发收集到的crashes。例如下面的例子中，11代表了SIGSEGV信号，有可能是因为缓冲区溢出导致进程引用了无效的内存；06代表了SIGABRT信号，可能是执行了abort\assert函数或double free导致，这些结果可以作为简单的参考。</p>
|
||
<figure class="highlight lsl"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ experimental/crash_triage/triage_crashes.sh ../vuln/out/ ../vuln/v1-afl <span class="number">2</span>>&<span class="number">1</span> | grep SIGNAL</span><br><span class="line">+++ ID <span class="number">000000</span>, SIGNAL <span class="number">11</span> +++</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><p>crashwalk<br>如果你想得到更细致的crashes分类结果，以及导致crashes的具体原因，那么crashwalk就是不错的选择之一。这个工具基于gdb的exploitable插件，安装也相对简单，在ubuntu上，只需要如下几步即可：</p>
|
||
<figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">$</span><span class="bash"> apt-get install gdb golang</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">$</span><span class="bash"> mkdir tools</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">$</span><span class="bash"> <span class="built_in">cd</span> tools</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">$</span><span class="bash"> git <span class="built_in">clone</span> https://github.com/jfoote/exploitable.git</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">$</span><span class="bash"> mkdir go</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">$</span><span class="bash"> <span class="built_in">export</span> GOPATH=~/tools/go</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">$</span><span class="bash"> <span class="built_in">export</span> CW_EXPLOITABLE=~/tools/exploitable/exploitable/exploitable.py</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">$</span><span class="bash"> go get -u github.com/bnagy/crashwalk/cmd/...</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li style="list-style: none"><input type="checkbox"> 这部分我好像还没完成</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<ol start="3">
|
||
<li>afl-collect<figure class="highlight routeros"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ afl-collect -d crashes.db -e gdb_script -j 8 -r <span class="built_in">..</span>/vuln/out/ <span class="built_in">..</span>/vuln/testcase -- <span class="built_in">..</span>/vuln/v1-afl</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">*** GDB+EXPLOITABLE<span class="built_in"> SCRIPT </span>OUTPUT ***</span><br><span class="line">[00001] out:id:000000,sig:11,src:000000,op:havoc,rep:64<span class="built_in">..</span><span class="built_in">..</span><span class="built_in">..</span><span class="built_in">..</span><span class="built_in">..</span><span class="built_in">..</span><span class="built_in">..</span><span class="built_in">..</span>.: EXPLOITABLE [ReturnAv (1/22)]</span><br><span class="line">*** ***************************** ***</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<hr>
|
||
<h1 id="0x02-代码覆盖率及其相关概念"><a href="#0x02-代码覆盖率及其相关概念" class="headerlink" title="0x02 代码覆盖率及其相关概念"></a>0x02 代码覆盖率及其相关概念</h1><blockquote>
|
||
<p>代码覆盖率是模糊测试中一个极其重要的概念，使用代码覆盖率可以评估和改进测试过程，执行到的代码越多，找到bug的可能性就越大，毕竟，在覆盖的代码中并不能100%发现bug，在未覆盖的代码中却是100%找不到任何bug的。<br>代码覆盖率是一种度量代码的覆盖程度的方式，也就是指源代码中的某行代码是否已执行；对二进制程序，还可将此概念理解为汇编代码中的某条指令是否已执行。其计量方式很多，但无论是GCC的GCOV还是LLVM的SanitizerCoverage，都提供函数（function）、基本块（basic-block）、边界（edge）三种级别的覆盖率检测。</p>
|
||
</blockquote>
|
||
<h2 id="计算代码覆盖率"><a href="#计算代码覆盖率" class="headerlink" title="计算代码覆盖率"></a>计算代码覆盖率</h2><p><strong>GCOV</strong>：插桩生成覆盖率 <strong>LCOV</strong>：图形展示覆盖率 <strong>afl-cov</strong>：调用前两个工具计算afl测试用例的覆盖率</p>
|
||
<ol>
|
||
<li><p>gcc插桩<br><strong>-fprofile-arcs -ftest-coverage</strong></p>
|
||
<figure class="highlight armasm"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ gcc -fprofile-arcs -ftest-coverage ./<span class="built_in">v1</span>.c -o <span class="built_in">v1</span>-cov</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><p>afl-cov计算之前fuzzer的过程（结束后）</p>
|
||
<figure class="highlight vhdl"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ ../afl-<span class="number">2.52</span>b/afl-cov/afl-cov -d ./<span class="keyword">out</span>/ <span class="comment">--enable-branch-coverage -c . -e "cat AFL_FILE | ./v1-cov AFL_FILE"</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> Non-zero <span class="keyword">exit</span> status <span class="string">'1'</span> <span class="keyword">for</span> CMD: /usr/bin/readelf -a cat</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">*** Imported <span class="number">2</span> <span class="keyword">new</span> test cases from: ./<span class="keyword">out</span>//queue</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> [+] AFL test <span class="keyword">case</span>: id:<span class="number">000000</span>,orig:<span class="number">1</span> (<span class="number">0</span> / <span class="number">2</span>), cycle: <span class="number">0</span></span><br><span class="line"> lines......: <span class="number">100.0</span>% (<span class="number">6</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> <span class="number">6</span> lines)</span><br><span class="line"> functions..: <span class="number">100.0</span>% (<span class="number">2</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> <span class="number">2</span> functions)</span><br><span class="line"> branches...: no data found</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> Coverage diff (init) id:<span class="number">000000</span>,orig:<span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line"> diff (init) -> id:<span class="number">000000</span>,orig:<span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">New</span> src <span class="keyword">file</span>: /home/han/ck/vuln/v1.c</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">New</span> <span class="symbol">'function</span>' coverage: main()</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">New</span> <span class="symbol">'function</span>' coverage: vulnerable_function()</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">New</span> <span class="symbol">'line</span>' coverage: <span class="number">11</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">New</span> <span class="symbol">'line</span>' coverage: <span class="number">12</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">New</span> <span class="symbol">'line</span>' coverage: <span class="number">13</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">New</span> <span class="symbol">'line</span>' coverage: <span class="number">6</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">New</span> <span class="symbol">'line</span>' coverage: <span class="number">8</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">New</span> <span class="symbol">'line</span>' coverage: <span class="number">9</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">++++++ <span class="keyword">BEGIN</span> - first exec output <span class="keyword">for</span> CMD: cat ./<span class="keyword">out</span>//queue/id:<span class="number">000000</span>,orig:<span class="number">1</span> | ./v1-cov ./<span class="keyword">out</span>//queue/id:<span class="number">000000</span>,orig:<span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line"> Hello, World</span><br><span class="line"> ++++++ <span class="keyword">END</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> [+] AFL test <span class="keyword">case</span>: id:<span class="number">000001</span>,orig:<span class="number">2</span> (<span class="number">1</span> / <span class="number">2</span>), cycle: <span class="number">0</span></span><br><span class="line"> lines......: <span class="number">100.0</span>% (<span class="number">6</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> <span class="number">6</span> lines)</span><br><span class="line"> functions..: <span class="number">100.0</span>% (<span class="number">2</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> <span class="number">2</span> functions)</span><br><span class="line"> branches...: no data found</span><br><span class="line"> [+] Processed <span class="number">2</span> / <span class="number">2</span> test cases.</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> [+] Final zero coverage <span class="keyword">report</span>: ./<span class="keyword">out</span>//cov/zero-cov</span><br><span class="line"> [+] Final <span class="built_in">positive</span> coverage <span class="keyword">report</span>: ./<span class="keyword">out</span>//cov/pos-cov</span><br><span class="line"> lines......: <span class="number">100.0</span>% (<span class="number">6</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> <span class="number">6</span> lines)</span><br><span class="line"> functions..: <span class="number">100.0</span>% (<span class="number">2</span> <span class="keyword">of</span> <span class="number">2</span> functions)</span><br><span class="line"> branches...: no data found</span><br><span class="line"> [+] Final lcov web <span class="keyword">report</span>: ./<span class="keyword">out</span>//cov/web/index.html</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><p>LCOV展示</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<p><img src="https://res.cloudinary.com/dozyfkbg3/image/upload/v1562570048/afl/1.png" alt></p>
|
||
<hr>
|
||
<h1 id="0x03-黑盒测试（使用qemu"><a href="#0x03-黑盒测试（使用qemu" class="headerlink" title="0x03 黑盒测试（使用qemu"></a>0x03 黑盒测试（使用qemu</h1><figure class="highlight groovy"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ .<span class="regexp">/afl-fuzz -i ../</span>vuln<span class="regexp">/testcase/</span> -o ..<span class="regexp">/vuln/</span>outQemu -Q ..<span class="regexp">/vuln/</span>v1</span><br><span class="line">american fuzzy lop <span class="number">2.52</span>b (v1)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">┌─ process timing ─────────────────────────────────────┬─ overall results ─────┐</span><br><span class="line">│ run <span class="string">time :</span> <span class="number">0</span> days, <span class="number">0</span> hrs, <span class="number">0</span> min, <span class="number">41</span> sec │ cycles <span class="string">done :</span> <span class="number">232</span> │</span><br><span class="line">│ last <span class="keyword">new</span> <span class="string">path :</span> none yet (odd, check syntax!) │ total <span class="string">paths :</span> <span class="number">2</span> │</span><br><span class="line">│ last uniq <span class="string">crash :</span> <span class="number">0</span> days, <span class="number">0</span> hrs, <span class="number">0</span> min, <span class="number">41</span> sec │ uniq <span class="string">crashes :</span> <span class="number">1</span> │</span><br><span class="line">│ last uniq <span class="string">hang :</span> none seen yet │ uniq <span class="string">hangs :</span> <span class="number">0</span> │</span><br><span class="line">├─ cycle progress ────────────────────┬─ map coverage ─┴───────────────────────┤</span><br><span class="line">│ now <span class="string">processing :</span> <span class="number">0</span>* (<span class="number">0.00</span>%) │ map <span class="string">density :</span> <span class="number">0.04</span>% / <span class="number">0.04</span>% │</span><br><span class="line">│ paths timed <span class="string">out :</span> <span class="number">0</span> (<span class="number">0.00</span>%) │ count <span class="string">coverage :</span> <span class="number">1.00</span> bits/tuple │</span><br><span class="line">├─ stage progress ────────────────────┼─ findings <span class="keyword">in</span> depth ────────────────────┤</span><br><span class="line">│ now <span class="string">trying :</span> havoc │ favored <span class="string">paths :</span> <span class="number">1</span> (<span class="number">50.00</span>%) │</span><br><span class="line">│ stage <span class="string">execs :</span> <span class="number">255</span>/<span class="number">256</span> (<span class="number">99.61</span>%) │ <span class="keyword">new</span> edges <span class="string">on :</span> <span class="number">1</span> (<span class="number">50.00</span>%) │</span><br><span class="line">│ total <span class="string">execs :</span> <span class="number">121</span>k │ total <span class="string">crashes :</span> <span class="number">33</span> (<span class="number">1</span> unique) │</span><br><span class="line">│ exec <span class="string">speed :</span> <span class="number">2860</span>/sec │ total <span class="string">tmouts :</span> <span class="number">0</span> (<span class="number">0</span> unique) │</span><br><span class="line">├─ fuzzing strategy yields ───────────┴───────────────┬─ path geometry ────────┤</span><br><span class="line">│ bit <span class="string">flips :</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="regexp">/56, 0/</span><span class="number">54</span>, <span class="number">0</span>/<span class="number">50</span> │ <span class="string">levels :</span> <span class="number">1</span> │</span><br><span class="line">│ <span class="keyword">byte</span> <span class="string">flips :</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="regexp">/7, 0/</span><span class="number">5</span>, <span class="number">0</span>/<span class="number">1</span> │ <span class="string">pending :</span> <span class="number">0</span> │</span><br><span class="line">│ <span class="string">arithmetics :</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="regexp">/392, 0/</span><span class="number">25</span>, <span class="number">0</span>/<span class="number">0</span> │ pend <span class="string">fav :</span> <span class="number">0</span> │</span><br><span class="line">│ known <span class="string">ints :</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="regexp">/36, 0/</span><span class="number">138</span>, <span class="number">0</span>/<span class="number">44</span> │ own <span class="string">finds :</span> <span class="number">0</span> │</span><br><span class="line">│ <span class="string">dictionary :</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="regexp">/0, 0/</span><span class="number">0</span>, <span class="number">0</span><span class="regexp">/0 │ imported : n/</span>a │</span><br><span class="line">│ <span class="string">havoc :</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="regexp">/120k, 0/</span><span class="number">0</span> │ <span class="string">stability :</span> <span class="number">100.00</span>% │</span><br><span class="line">│ <span class="string">trim :</span> <span class="number">82.61</span>%/<span class="number">5</span>, <span class="number">0.00</span>% ├────────────────────────┘</span><br><span class="line">^C────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ [<span class="string">cpu000:</span><span class="number">102</span>%]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li style="list-style: none"><input type="checkbox"> 待完成对黑盒测试原理的分析</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
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|
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|
||
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<a href="/tags/AFL/" rel="tag"># AFL</a>
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<a href="/tags/模糊测试/" rel="tag"># 模糊测试</a>
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||
<div class="post-nav-prev post-nav-item">
|
||
|
||
<a href="/2019/07/10/x86basic/" rel="prev" title="x86-basic 漏洞利用">
|
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x86-basic 漏洞利用 <i class="fa fa-chevron-right"></i>
|
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</a>
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</div>
|
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</div>
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|
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|
||
</footer>
|
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|
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</article>
|
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|
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<div class="post-spread">
|
||
|
||
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|
||
</div>
|
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||
|
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|
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||
|
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|
||
<div class="comments" id="comments">
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<div id="gitment-container"></div>
|
||
|
||
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|
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|
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<div class="sidebar-toggle">
|
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<span class="sidebar-toggle-line sidebar-toggle-line-last"></span>
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<div class="sidebar-inner">
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<ul class="sidebar-nav motion-element">
|
||
<li class="sidebar-nav-toc sidebar-nav-active" data-target="post-toc-wrap">
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文章目录
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站点概览
|
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<section class="site-overview-wrap sidebar-panel">
|
||
<div class="site-overview">
|
||
<div class="site-author motion-element" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
|
||
|
||
<img class="site-author-image" itemprop="image" src="/images/avatar.png" alt="Cool-Y">
|
||
|
||
<p class="site-author-name" itemprop="name">Cool-Y</p>
|
||
<p class="site-description motion-element" itemprop="description"></p>
|
||
</div>
|
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|
||
<nav class="site-state motion-element">
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<div class="site-state-item site-state-posts">
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||
<a href="/archives/">
|
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<span class="site-state-item-count">18</span>
|
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<span class="site-state-item-name">日志</span>
|
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</a>
|
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|
||
|
||
<div class="site-state-item site-state-categories">
|
||
<a href="/categories/index.html">
|
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<span class="site-state-item-count">6</span>
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||
<span class="site-state-item-name">分类</span>
|
||
</a>
|
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</div>
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|
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<div class="site-state-item site-state-tags">
|
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<a href="/tags/index.html">
|
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<span class="site-state-item-count">36</span>
|
||
<span class="site-state-item-name">标签</span>
|
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</a>
|
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</div>
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|
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</nav>
|
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||
|
||
|
||
<div class="links-of-author motion-element">
|
||
|
||
<span class="links-of-author-item">
|
||
<a href="https://github.com/Cool-Y" target="_blank" title="GitHub">
|
||
|
||
<i class="fa fa-fw fa-github"></i>GitHub</a>
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
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<span class="links-of-author-item">
|
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<a href="mailto:cool.yim@whu.edu.cn" target="_blank" title="E-Mail">
|
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<i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i>E-Mail</a>
|
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</span>
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<span class="links-of-author-item">
|
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<a href="https://www.instagram.com/yan__han/" target="_blank" title="Instagram">
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<i class="fa fa-fw fa-instagram"></i>Instagram</a>
|
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</span>
|
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|
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</div>
|
||
|
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||
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|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!--noindex-->
|
||
<section class="post-toc-wrap motion-element sidebar-panel sidebar-panel-active">
|
||
<div class="post-toc">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="post-toc-content"><ol class="nav"><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#0x01-白盒测试"><span class="nav-text">0x01 白盒测试</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#目标程序编译"><span class="nav-text">目标程序编译</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#测试插桩程序"><span class="nav-text">测试插桩程序</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#执行FUZZER"><span class="nav-text">执行FUZZER</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#afl何时结束"><span class="nav-text">afl何时结束</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#处理输出结果"><span class="nav-text">处理输出结果</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#崩溃类型和可利用性"><span class="nav-text">崩溃类型和可利用性</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#0x02-代码覆盖率及其相关概念"><span class="nav-text">0x02 代码覆盖率及其相关概念</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#计算代码覆盖率"><span class="nav-text">计算代码覆盖率</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-1"><a class="nav-link" href="#0x03-黑盒测试（使用qemu"><span class="nav-text">0x03 黑盒测试（使用qemu</span></a></li></ol></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<!--/noindex-->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</aside>
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</div>
|
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</main>
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|
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<footer id="footer" class="footer">
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<div class="footer-inner">
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<div class="copyright">© <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2019</span>
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||
<span class="with-love">
|
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<i class="fa fa-user"></i>
|
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</span>
|
||
<span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">Cool-Y</span>
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<span class="post-meta-divider">|</span>
|
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<span class="post-meta-item-icon">
|
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<i class="fa fa-area-chart"></i>
|
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</span>
|
||
|
||
<span title="Site words total count">50.1k</span>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="powered-by">由 <a class="theme-link" target="_blank" href="https://hexo.io">Hexo</a> 强力驱动</div>
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|
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<div class="busuanzi-count">
|
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<script async src="//busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js"></script>
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<i class="fa fa-user"></i>
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<span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_uv"></span>
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</span>
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<span class="site-pv">
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<i class="fa fa-eye"></i>
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<span class="busuanzi-value" id="busuanzi_value_site_pv"></span>
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</span>
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</div>
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<div class="back-to-top">
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<script type="text/javascript">
|
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if (Object.prototype.toString.call(window.Promise) !== '[object Function]') {
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window.Promise = null;
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<script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery/index.js?v=2.1.3"></script>
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<script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/jquery_lazyload/jquery.lazyload.js?v=1.9.7"></script>
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<script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
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<script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/velocity/velocity.ui.min.js?v=1.2.1"></script>
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<script type="text/javascript" src="/lib/fancybox/source/jquery.fancybox.pack.js?v=2.1.5"></script>
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<script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/utils.js?v=5.1.4"></script>
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<script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/motion.js?v=5.1.4"></script>
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<script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/affix.js?v=5.1.4"></script>
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<script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/schemes/pisces.js?v=5.1.4"></script>
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<script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/post-details.js?v=5.1.4"></script>
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<script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.4"></script>
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|
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|
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|
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||
|
||
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||
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|
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|
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|
||
|
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|
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|
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|
||
<!-- LOCAL: You can save these files to your site and update links -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://jjeejj.github.io/css/gitment.css">
|
||
<script src="https://jjeejj.github.io/js/gitment.js"></script>
|
||
|
||
<!-- END LOCAL -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<script type="text/javascript">
|
||
function renderGitment(){
|
||
var gitment = new Gitment({
|
||
id: window.location.pathname,
|
||
owner: 'Cool-Y',
|
||
repo: 'gitment-comments',
|
||
|
||
oauth: {
|
||
|
||
|
||
client_secret: '1c5db4da72df5e6fc318d12afe5f4406f7c54343',
|
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|
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client_id: '180955a2c3ae3d966d9a'
|
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}});
|
||
gitment.render('gitment-container');
|
||
}
|
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|
||
|
||
renderGitment();
|
||
|
||
</script>
|
||
|
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|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<script type="text/javascript">
|
||
// Popup Window;
|
||
var isfetched = false;
|
||
var isXml = true;
|
||
// Search DB path;
|
||
var search_path = "search.xml";
|
||
if (search_path.length === 0) {
|
||
search_path = "search.xml";
|
||
} else if (/json$/i.test(search_path)) {
|
||
isXml = false;
|
||
}
|
||
var path = "/" + search_path;
|
||
// monitor main search box;
|
||
|
||
var onPopupClose = function (e) {
|
||
$('.popup').hide();
|
||
$('#local-search-input').val('');
|
||
$('.search-result-list').remove();
|
||
$('#no-result').remove();
|
||
$(".local-search-pop-overlay").remove();
|
||
$('body').css('overflow', '');
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
function proceedsearch() {
|
||
$("body")
|
||
.append('<div class="search-popup-overlay local-search-pop-overlay"></div>')
|
||
.css('overflow', 'hidden');
|
||
$('.search-popup-overlay').click(onPopupClose);
|
||
$('.popup').toggle();
|
||
var $localSearchInput = $('#local-search-input');
|
||
$localSearchInput.attr("autocapitalize", "none");
|
||
$localSearchInput.attr("autocorrect", "off");
|
||
$localSearchInput.focus();
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
// search function;
|
||
var searchFunc = function(path, search_id, content_id) {
|
||
'use strict';
|
||
|
||
// start loading animation
|
||
$("body")
|
||
.append('<div class="search-popup-overlay local-search-pop-overlay">' +
|
||
'<div id="search-loading-icon">' +
|
||
'<i class="fa fa-spinner fa-pulse fa-5x fa-fw"></i>' +
|
||
'</div>' +
|
||
'</div>')
|
||
.css('overflow', 'hidden');
|
||
$("#search-loading-icon").css('margin', '20% auto 0 auto').css('text-align', 'center');
|
||
|
||
$.ajax({
|
||
url: path,
|
||
dataType: isXml ? "xml" : "json",
|
||
async: true,
|
||
success: function(res) {
|
||
// get the contents from search data
|
||
isfetched = true;
|
||
$('.popup').detach().appendTo('.header-inner');
|
||
var datas = isXml ? $("entry", res).map(function() {
|
||
return {
|
||
title: $("title", this).text(),
|
||
content: $("content",this).text(),
|
||
url: $("url" , this).text()
|
||
};
|
||
}).get() : res;
|
||
var input = document.getElementById(search_id);
|
||
var resultContent = document.getElementById(content_id);
|
||
var inputEventFunction = function() {
|
||
var searchText = input.value.trim().toLowerCase();
|
||
var keywords = searchText.split(/[\s\-]+/);
|
||
if (keywords.length > 1) {
|
||
keywords.push(searchText);
|
||
}
|
||
var resultItems = [];
|
||
if (searchText.length > 0) {
|
||
// perform local searching
|
||
datas.forEach(function(data) {
|
||
var isMatch = false;
|
||
var hitCount = 0;
|
||
var searchTextCount = 0;
|
||
var title = data.title.trim();
|
||
var titleInLowerCase = title.toLowerCase();
|
||
var content = data.content.trim().replace(/<[^>]+>/g,"");
|
||
var contentInLowerCase = content.toLowerCase();
|
||
var articleUrl = decodeURIComponent(data.url);
|
||
var indexOfTitle = [];
|
||
var indexOfContent = [];
|
||
// only match articles with not empty titles
|
||
if(title != '') {
|
||
keywords.forEach(function(keyword) {
|
||
function getIndexByWord(word, text, caseSensitive) {
|
||
var wordLen = word.length;
|
||
if (wordLen === 0) {
|
||
return [];
|
||
}
|
||
var startPosition = 0, position = [], index = [];
|
||
if (!caseSensitive) {
|
||
text = text.toLowerCase();
|
||
word = word.toLowerCase();
|
||
}
|
||
while ((position = text.indexOf(word, startPosition)) > -1) {
|
||
index.push({position: position, word: word});
|
||
startPosition = position + wordLen;
|
||
}
|
||
return index;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
indexOfTitle = indexOfTitle.concat(getIndexByWord(keyword, titleInLowerCase, false));
|
||
indexOfContent = indexOfContent.concat(getIndexByWord(keyword, contentInLowerCase, false));
|
||
});
|
||
if (indexOfTitle.length > 0 || indexOfContent.length > 0) {
|
||
isMatch = true;
|
||
hitCount = indexOfTitle.length + indexOfContent.length;
|
||
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|
||
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|
||
|
||
// show search results
|
||
|
||
if (isMatch) {
|
||
// sort index by position of keyword
|
||
|
||
[indexOfTitle, indexOfContent].forEach(function (index) {
|
||
index.sort(function (itemLeft, itemRight) {
|
||
if (itemRight.position !== itemLeft.position) {
|
||
return itemRight.position - itemLeft.position;
|
||
} else {
|
||
return itemLeft.word.length - itemRight.word.length;
|
||
}
|
||
});
|
||
});
|
||
|
||
// merge hits into slices
|
||
|
||
function mergeIntoSlice(text, start, end, index) {
|
||
var item = index[index.length - 1];
|
||
var position = item.position;
|
||
var word = item.word;
|
||
var hits = [];
|
||
var searchTextCountInSlice = 0;
|
||
while (position + word.length <= end && index.length != 0) {
|
||
if (word === searchText) {
|
||
searchTextCountInSlice++;
|
||
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|
||
hits.push({position: position, length: word.length});
|
||
var wordEnd = position + word.length;
|
||
|
||
// move to next position of hit
|
||
|
||
index.pop();
|
||
while (index.length != 0) {
|
||
item = index[index.length - 1];
|
||
position = item.position;
|
||
word = item.word;
|
||
if (wordEnd > position) {
|
||
index.pop();
|
||
} else {
|
||
break;
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
searchTextCount += searchTextCountInSlice;
|
||
return {
|
||
hits: hits,
|
||
start: start,
|
||
end: end,
|
||
searchTextCount: searchTextCountInSlice
|
||
};
|
||
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|
||
|
||
var slicesOfTitle = [];
|
||
if (indexOfTitle.length != 0) {
|
||
slicesOfTitle.push(mergeIntoSlice(title, 0, title.length, indexOfTitle));
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
var slicesOfContent = [];
|
||
while (indexOfContent.length != 0) {
|
||
var item = indexOfContent[indexOfContent.length - 1];
|
||
var position = item.position;
|
||
var word = item.word;
|
||
// cut out 100 characters
|
||
var start = position - 20;
|
||
var end = position + 80;
|
||
if(start < 0){
|
||
start = 0;
|
||
}
|
||
if (end < position + word.length) {
|
||
end = position + word.length;
|
||
}
|
||
if(end > content.length){
|
||
end = content.length;
|
||
}
|
||
slicesOfContent.push(mergeIntoSlice(content, start, end, indexOfContent));
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
// sort slices in content by search text's count and hits' count
|
||
|
||
slicesOfContent.sort(function (sliceLeft, sliceRight) {
|
||
if (sliceLeft.searchTextCount !== sliceRight.searchTextCount) {
|
||
return sliceRight.searchTextCount - sliceLeft.searchTextCount;
|
||
} else if (sliceLeft.hits.length !== sliceRight.hits.length) {
|
||
return sliceRight.hits.length - sliceLeft.hits.length;
|
||
} else {
|
||
return sliceLeft.start - sliceRight.start;
|
||
}
|
||
});
|
||
|
||
// select top N slices in content
|
||
|
||
var upperBound = parseInt('1');
|
||
if (upperBound >= 0) {
|
||
slicesOfContent = slicesOfContent.slice(0, upperBound);
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
// highlight title and content
|
||
|
||
function highlightKeyword(text, slice) {
|
||
var result = '';
|
||
var prevEnd = slice.start;
|
||
slice.hits.forEach(function (hit) {
|
||
result += text.substring(prevEnd, hit.position);
|
||
var end = hit.position + hit.length;
|
||
result += '<b class="search-keyword">' + text.substring(hit.position, end) + '</b>';
|
||
prevEnd = end;
|
||
});
|
||
result += text.substring(prevEnd, slice.end);
|
||
return result;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
var resultItem = '';
|
||
|
||
if (slicesOfTitle.length != 0) {
|
||
resultItem += "<li><a href='" + articleUrl + "' class='search-result-title'>" + highlightKeyword(title, slicesOfTitle[0]) + "</a>";
|
||
} else {
|
||
resultItem += "<li><a href='" + articleUrl + "' class='search-result-title'>" + title + "</a>";
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
slicesOfContent.forEach(function (slice) {
|
||
resultItem += "<a href='" + articleUrl + "'>" +
|
||
"<p class=\"search-result\">" + highlightKeyword(content, slice) +
|
||
"...</p>" + "</a>";
|
||
});
|
||
|
||
resultItem += "</li>";
|
||
resultItems.push({
|
||
item: resultItem,
|
||
searchTextCount: searchTextCount,
|
||
hitCount: hitCount,
|
||
id: resultItems.length
|
||
});
|
||
}
|
||
})
|
||
};
|
||
if (keywords.length === 1 && keywords[0] === "") {
|
||
resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-search fa-5x" /></div>'
|
||
} else if (resultItems.length === 0) {
|
||
resultContent.innerHTML = '<div id="no-result"><i class="fa fa-frown-o fa-5x" /></div>'
|
||
} else {
|
||
resultItems.sort(function (resultLeft, resultRight) {
|
||
if (resultLeft.searchTextCount !== resultRight.searchTextCount) {
|
||
return resultRight.searchTextCount - resultLeft.searchTextCount;
|
||
} else if (resultLeft.hitCount !== resultRight.hitCount) {
|
||
return resultRight.hitCount - resultLeft.hitCount;
|
||
} else {
|
||
return resultRight.id - resultLeft.id;
|
||
}
|
||
});
|
||
var searchResultList = '<ul class=\"search-result-list\">';
|
||
resultItems.forEach(function (result) {
|
||
searchResultList += result.item;
|
||
})
|
||
searchResultList += "</ul>";
|
||
resultContent.innerHTML = searchResultList;
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
if ('auto' === 'auto') {
|
||
input.addEventListener('input', inputEventFunction);
|
||
} else {
|
||
$('.search-icon').click(inputEventFunction);
|
||
input.addEventListener('keypress', function (event) {
|
||
if (event.keyCode === 13) {
|
||
inputEventFunction();
|
||
}
|
||
});
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
// remove loading animation
|
||
$(".local-search-pop-overlay").remove();
|
||
$('body').css('overflow', '');
|
||
|
||
proceedsearch();
|
||
}
|
||
});
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
// handle and trigger popup window;
|
||
$('.popup-trigger').click(function(e) {
|
||
e.stopPropagation();
|
||
if (isfetched === false) {
|
||
searchFunc(path, 'local-search-input', 'local-search-result');
|
||
} else {
|
||
proceedsearch();
|
||
};
|
||
});
|
||
|
||
$('.popup-btn-close').click(onPopupClose);
|
||
$('.popup').click(function(e){
|
||
e.stopPropagation();
|
||
});
|
||
$(document).on('keyup', function (event) {
|
||
var shouldDismissSearchPopup = event.which === 27 &&
|
||
$('.search-popup').is(':visible');
|
||
if (shouldDismissSearchPopup) {
|
||
onPopupClose();
|
||
}
|
||
});
|
||
</script>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<script src="https://cdn1.lncld.net/static/js/av-core-mini-0.6.4.js"></script>
|
||
<script>AV.initialize("EWwoJgHNdlj6iBjiFlMcabUO-gzGzoHsz", "x8FxDrYG79C8YFrTww9ljo8K");</script>
|
||
<script>
|
||
function showTime(Counter) {
|
||
var query = new AV.Query(Counter);
|
||
var entries = [];
|
||
var $visitors = $(".leancloud_visitors");
|
||
|
||
$visitors.each(function () {
|
||
entries.push( $(this).attr("id").trim() );
|
||
});
|
||
|
||
query.containedIn('url', entries);
|
||
query.find()
|
||
.done(function (results) {
|
||
var COUNT_CONTAINER_REF = '.leancloud-visitors-count';
|
||
|
||
if (results.length === 0) {
|
||
$visitors.find(COUNT_CONTAINER_REF).text(0);
|
||
return;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
for (var i = 0; i < results.length; i++) {
|
||
var item = results[i];
|
||
var url = item.get('url');
|
||
var time = item.get('time');
|
||
var element = document.getElementById(url);
|
||
|
||
$(element).find(COUNT_CONTAINER_REF).text(time);
|
||
}
|
||
for(var i = 0; i < entries.length; i++) {
|
||
var url = entries[i];
|
||
var element = document.getElementById(url);
|
||
var countSpan = $(element).find(COUNT_CONTAINER_REF);
|
||
if( countSpan.text() == '') {
|
||
countSpan.text(0);
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
})
|
||
.fail(function (object, error) {
|
||
console.log("Error: " + error.code + " " + error.message);
|
||
});
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
function addCount(Counter) {
|
||
var $visitors = $(".leancloud_visitors");
|
||
var url = $visitors.attr('id').trim();
|
||
var title = $visitors.attr('data-flag-title').trim();
|
||
var query = new AV.Query(Counter);
|
||
|
||
query.equalTo("url", url);
|
||
query.find({
|
||
success: function(results) {
|
||
if (results.length > 0) {
|
||
var counter = results[0];
|
||
counter.fetchWhenSave(true);
|
||
counter.increment("time");
|
||
counter.save(null, {
|
||
success: function(counter) {
|
||
var $element = $(document.getElementById(url));
|
||
$element.find('.leancloud-visitors-count').text(counter.get('time'));
|
||
},
|
||
error: function(counter, error) {
|
||
console.log('Failed to save Visitor num, with error message: ' + error.message);
|
||
}
|
||
});
|
||
} else {
|
||
var newcounter = new Counter();
|
||
/* Set ACL */
|
||
var acl = new AV.ACL();
|
||
acl.setPublicReadAccess(true);
|
||
acl.setPublicWriteAccess(true);
|
||
newcounter.setACL(acl);
|
||
/* End Set ACL */
|
||
newcounter.set("title", title);
|
||
newcounter.set("url", url);
|
||
newcounter.set("time", 1);
|
||
newcounter.save(null, {
|
||
success: function(newcounter) {
|
||
var $element = $(document.getElementById(url));
|
||
$element.find('.leancloud-visitors-count').text(newcounter.get('time'));
|
||
},
|
||
error: function(newcounter, error) {
|
||
console.log('Failed to create');
|
||
}
|
||
});
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
error: function(error) {
|
||
console.log('Error:' + error.code + " " + error.message);
|
||
}
|
||
});
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
$(function() {
|
||
var Counter = AV.Object.extend("Counter");
|
||
if ($('.leancloud_visitors').length == 1) {
|
||
addCount(Counter);
|
||
} else if ($('.post-title-link').length > 1) {
|
||
showTime(Counter);
|
||
}
|
||
});
|
||
</script>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<script>
|
||
(function(){
|
||
var bp = document.createElement('script');
|
||
var curProtocol = window.location.protocol.split(':')[0];
|
||
if (curProtocol === 'https') {
|
||
bp.src = 'https://zz.bdstatic.com/linksubmit/push.js';
|
||
}
|
||
else {
|
||
bp.src = 'http://push.zhanzhang.baidu.com/push.js';
|
||
}
|
||
var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
|
||
s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
|
||
})();
|
||
</script>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</body>
|
||
</html>
|