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还记得固件仿真吗？先试着快速解决nvram
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<p>ARMX作者说，nvram的内容必须从正在运行的设备中提取。<br>一种方法是转储包含nvram数据的mtdblock， /proc/mtd可能有助于识别哪个mtdblock包含nvram。<br>另一种方法是，如果您可以通过UART进行命令行访问（当然可以访问实际的硬件），某些固件会提供nvram命令，运行“ nvram show”也可以获取nvram内容。<br><a href="https://github.com/therealsaumil/armx/issues/4" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://github.com/therealsaumil/armx/issues/4</a></p>
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<p>知道创宇的研究人员说，nvram配置，可以查看对应的汇编代码逻辑（配置的有问题的话很容易触发段错误）。</p>
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<p>我需要无需硬件自动化的处理大批设备的nvram配置，上面两种方法都无法适用。但我发现Netgear的nvram配置有这两个te’d</p>
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<ul>
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<li>upnp等二进制程序通过nvram_match来匹配nvram变量与预期值</li>
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<li>libnvram在data段存储了设备的默认nvram配置，<strong>数据段</strong>（data segment）通常是指用来存放<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F" target="_blank" rel="noopener">程序</a>中已<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%9D%E5%A7%8B%E5%8C%96%E4%B8%94%E4%B8%8D%E4%B8%BA0&action=edit&redlink=1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">初始化且不为0</a>的<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E5%B1%80%E5%8F%98%E9%87%8F" target="_blank" rel="noopener">全局变量</a>的一块内存区域。数据段属于<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%99%E6%80%81%E5%86%85%E5%AD%98%E5%88%86%E9%85%8D" target="_blank" rel="noopener">静态内存分配</a>。</li>
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</ul>
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<p>于是根据这两个事实做了两个实验：</p>
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<h2 id="match函数"><a href="#match函数" class="headerlink" title="match函数"></a>match函数</h2><p>该函数的逻辑如下，a1为要查询的key，a2为待比较的对应value，调用nvram_get获得nvram中a1的value，然后和a2比较，相同的话返回1。</p>
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<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">const char *__fastcall acosNvramConfig_match(int a1, const char *a2)</span><br><span class="line">{</span><br><span class="line"> const char *v2; // r4</span><br><span class="line"> const char *result; // r0</span><br><span class="line"> int v4; // [sp+0h] [bp-1008h]</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> v2 = a2;</span><br><span class="line"> result = (const char *)j_nvram_get(a1, &v4, 4096);</span><br><span class="line"> if ( result )</span><br><span class="line"> result = (const char *)(strcmp(result, v2) == 0);</span><br><span class="line"> return result;</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
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<p>在upnp二进制程序汇编代码中，调用acosNvramConfig_match来比较nvram<br><img src="https://res.cloudinary.com/dozyfkbg3/image/upload/v1610094619/nvram/image_24.png" alt><br>我做出了一个假设：所有a2都是能够使程序正常运行的nvram值，现在想要获取它。编写IDA脚本如下：</p>
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<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">def GetAddr(func_name):</span><br><span class="line"> func_list = Functions()</span><br><span class="line"> for func in func_list:</span><br><span class="line"> name = GetFunctionName(func)</span><br><span class="line"> if func_name == name:</span><br><span class="line"> print(name,hex(func))</span><br><span class="line"> func_addr=func</span><br><span class="line"> return func_addr</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">func_addr = GetAddr('acosNvramConfig_match')</span><br><span class="line">#func_addr=0xa3d4</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">for x in XrefsTo(func_addr,flags=0):</span><br><span class="line"> print "XrefsTo nvram-match func addr: %s"%hex(x.frm)</span><br><span class="line"> match_addr = x.frm</span><br><span class="line"> val_addr = PrevHead(match_addr)</span><br><span class="line"> key_addr = PrevHead(val_addr)</span><br><span class="line"> if GetMnem(key_addr) == 'LDR':</span><br><span class="line"> instr = GetDisasm(prevaddr)</span><br><span class="line"> #print('LDR instruction: %s'%instr)</span><br><span class="line"> addr = GetOperandValue(key_addr,1)</span><br><span class="line"> key = GetString(Dword(addr))</span><br><span class="line"> print('nvram key: %s'%key)</span><br><span class="line"> if GetMnem(val_addr) == 'LDR':</span><br><span class="line"> instr = GetDisasm(prevaddr)</span><br><span class="line"> #print('LDR instruction: %s'%instr)</span><br><span class="line"> addr = GetOperandValue(val_addr,1)</span><br><span class="line"> val = GetString(Dword(addr))</span><br><span class="line"> print('nvram value: %s'%val)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
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<ol>
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<li>GetAddr(func_name) 根据函数名获得地址，这里获得了’acosNvramConfig_match’的地址0xa3d4；</li>
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<li>找到所有引用过该函数的地址，并且提取作为参数的数据。获取到函数的引用非常的简单，只需要使用XrefsTo()这个API函数就能达到我们的目的。</li>
|
||
<li>value是调用match函数的前一条指令；key是调用match函数的前两条指令；操作码都是LDR;</li>
|
||
<li>使用GetOperandValue() 这个指令得到第二个操作数的值。注意该值存放的是“存放字符串地址”的地址</li>
|
||
<li>使用Dword(addr)获取“存放字符串地址”，使用GetString()这个API函数从该偏移提取字符串</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<p>粘贴部分结果，有大量的重复，还有许多键值不存在，假设不成立。</p>
|
||
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">('acosNvramConfig_match', '0xa3d4L')</span><br><span class="line">XrefsTo nvram-match func addr: 0xc940L</span><br><span class="line">nvram key: qos_bw_set_sel</span><br><span class="line">nvram value: 1</span><br><span class="line">XrefsTo nvram-match func addr: 0xc9b4L</span><br><span class="line">nvram key: qos_bw_enable</span><br><span class="line">nvram value: 1</span><br><span class="line">XrefsTo nvram-match func addr: 0xfbd0L</span><br><span class="line">nvram key: wlg_band</span><br><span class="line">nvram value: 2.4G</span><br><span class="line">XrefsTo nvram-match func addr: 0xfc84L</span><br><span class="line">nvram value: 5G</span><br><span class="line">XrefsTo nvram-match func addr: 0xff70L</span><br><span class="line">nvram key: wlg_band</span><br><span class="line">nvram value: 2.4G</span><br><span class="line">nvram value: static</span><br><span class="line">XrefsTo nvram-match func addr: 0x13d2cL</span><br><span class="line">nvram key: board_id</span><br><span class="line">nvram value: U12H127T00_NETGEAR</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
|
||
<h2 id="NVRAM默认配置"><a href="#NVRAM默认配置" class="headerlink" title="NVRAM默认配置"></a>NVRAM默认配置</h2><p>如上所述，libnvram.so中data段存放着默认配置<br><img src="https://res.cloudinary.com/dozyfkbg3/image/upload/v1610094620/nvram/image_23.png" alt><br>利用IDApython获取该区域存放的键值，注意：该区域并不存放字符串，而是存放“存放字符串地址处”的地址，所以也要通过Doword来获取实际地址</p>
|
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<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">import idautils</span><br><span class="line">for seg in idautils.Segments():</span><br><span class="line"> if SegName(seg) == '.data':</span><br><span class="line"> start = idc.SegStart(seg)</span><br><span class="line"> end = idc.SegEnd(seg)</span><br><span class="line"> print idc.SegName(seg),start,end</span><br><span class="line"> while(start!=end):</span><br><span class="line"> key = GetString(Dword(start))</span><br><span class="line"> if key != None and key != '0':</span><br><span class="line"> start += 4</span><br><span class="line"> val = GetString(Dword(start))</span><br><span class="line"> if 'upnp' in key:</span><br><span class="line"> print('%s=%s'%(key,val))</span><br><span class="line"> start += 4</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
|
||
<p>这里我们只关注有upnp特征的键值对</p>
|
||
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">.data [77868 94004](tel:7786894004)</span><br><span class="line">upnp_enable=1</span><br><span class="line">upnp_turn_on=1</span><br><span class="line">upnp_advert_period=30</span><br><span class="line">upnp_advert_ttl=4</span><br><span class="line">upnp_portmap_entry=0</span><br><span class="line">upnp_duration=3600</span><br><span class="line">upnp_DHCPServerConfigurable=1</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
|
||
<p>另外再补充几个与网络有关的配置</p>
|
||
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">friendly_name=Netgear</span><br><span class="line">lan_hwaddr=AA:BB:CC:DD:EE:FF</span><br><span class="line">lan_ipaddr=192.168.2.2</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
|
||
<p>使用这个配置成功仿真~</p>
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<h2 id="一些IDApython使用方法"><a href="#一些IDApython使用方法" class="headerlink" title="一些IDApython使用方法"></a>一些IDApython使用方法</h2><p>蒸米写的：<a href="https://wooyun.js.org/drops/IDAPython%20%E8%AE%A9%E4%BD%A0%E7%9A%84%E7%94%9F%E6%B4%BB%E6%9B%B4%E6%BB%8B%E6%B6%A6%20part1%20and%20part2.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://wooyun.js.org/drops/IDAPython%20%E8%AE%A9%E4%BD%A0%E7%9A%84%E7%94%9F%E6%B4%BB%E6%9B%B4%E6%BB%8B%E6%B6%A6%20part1%20and%20part2.html</a><br><a href="https://cartermgj.github.io/2017/10/10/ida-python/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://cartermgj.github.io/2017/10/10/ida-python/</a><br><a href="https://gitee.com/it-ebooks/it-ebooks-2018-04to07/raw/master/IDAPython%20%E5%88%9D%E5%AD%A6%E8%80%85%E6%8C%87%E5%8D%97.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://gitee.com/it-ebooks/it-ebooks-2018-04to07/raw/master/IDAPython%20%E5%88%9D%E5%AD%A6%E8%80%85%E6%8C%87%E5%8D%97.pdf</a><br><a href="https://www.0xaa55.com/thread-1586-1-1.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://www.0xaa55.com/thread-1586-1-1.html</a><br><a href="https://wizardforcel.gitbooks.io/grey-hat-python/content/43.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://wizardforcel.gitbooks.io/grey-hat-python/content/43.html</a></p>
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||
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||
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||
|
||
|
||
<script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/scrollspy.js?v=5.1.4"></script>
|
||
<script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/post-details.js?v=5.1.4"></script>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<script type="text/javascript" src="/js/src/bootstrap.js?v=5.1.4"></script>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
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||
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||
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||
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||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
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||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- LOCAL: You can save these files to your site and update links -->
|
||
|
||
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://unpkg.com/gitalk/dist/gitalk.css">
|
||
<script src="https://unpkg.com/gitalk/dist/gitalk.min.js"></script>
|
||
<!-- END LOCAL -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<script type="text/javascript">
|
||
function renderGitalk(){
|
||
var gitalk = new Gitalk({
|
||
owner: 'Cool-Y',
|
||
repo: 'gitment-comments',
|
||
clientID: '180955a2c3ae3d966d9a',
|
||
clientSecret: '1c5db4da72df5e6fc318d12afe5f4406f7c54343',
|
||
admin: 'Cool-Y',
|
||
id: decodeURI(location.pathname),
|
||
|
||
distractionFreeMode: 'true'
|
||
|
||
});
|
||
gitalk.render('gitalk-container');
|
||
}
|
||
renderGitalk();
|
||
</script>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<script src="https://cdn1.lncld.net/static/js/av-core-mini-0.6.4.js"></script>
|
||
<script>AV.initialize("EWwoJgHNdlj6iBjiFlMcabUO-gzGzoHsz", "x8FxDrYG79C8YFrTww9ljo8K");</script>
|
||
<script>
|
||
function showTime(Counter) {
|
||
var query = new AV.Query(Counter);
|
||
var entries = [];
|
||
var $visitors = $(".leancloud_visitors");
|
||
|
||
$visitors.each(function () {
|
||
entries.push( $(this).attr("id").trim() );
|
||
});
|
||
|
||
query.containedIn('url', entries);
|
||
query.find()
|
||
.done(function (results) {
|
||
var COUNT_CONTAINER_REF = '.leancloud-visitors-count';
|
||
|
||
if (results.length === 0) {
|
||
$visitors.find(COUNT_CONTAINER_REF).text(0);
|
||
return;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
for (var i = 0; i < results.length; i++) {
|
||
var item = results[i];
|
||
var url = item.get('url');
|
||
var time = item.get('time');
|
||
var element = document.getElementById(url);
|
||
|
||
$(element).find(COUNT_CONTAINER_REF).text(time);
|
||
}
|
||
for(var i = 0; i < entries.length; i++) {
|
||
var url = entries[i];
|
||
var element = document.getElementById(url);
|
||
var countSpan = $(element).find(COUNT_CONTAINER_REF);
|
||
if( countSpan.text() == '') {
|
||
countSpan.text(0);
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
})
|
||
.fail(function (object, error) {
|
||
console.log("Error: " + error.code + " " + error.message);
|
||
});
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
function addCount(Counter) {
|
||
var $visitors = $(".leancloud_visitors");
|
||
var url = $visitors.attr('id').trim();
|
||
var title = $visitors.attr('data-flag-title').trim();
|
||
var query = new AV.Query(Counter);
|
||
|
||
query.equalTo("url", url);
|
||
query.find({
|
||
success: function(results) {
|
||
if (results.length > 0) {
|
||
var counter = results[0];
|
||
counter.fetchWhenSave(true);
|
||
counter.increment("time");
|
||
counter.save(null, {
|
||
success: function(counter) {
|
||
var $element = $(document.getElementById(url));
|
||
$element.find('.leancloud-visitors-count').text(counter.get('time'));
|
||
},
|
||
error: function(counter, error) {
|
||
console.log('Failed to save Visitor num, with error message: ' + error.message);
|
||
}
|
||
});
|
||
} else {
|
||
var newcounter = new Counter();
|
||
/* Set ACL */
|
||
var acl = new AV.ACL();
|
||
acl.setPublicReadAccess(true);
|
||
acl.setPublicWriteAccess(true);
|
||
newcounter.setACL(acl);
|
||
/* End Set ACL */
|
||
newcounter.set("title", title);
|
||
newcounter.set("url", url);
|
||
newcounter.set("time", 1);
|
||
newcounter.save(null, {
|
||
success: function(newcounter) {
|
||
var $element = $(document.getElementById(url));
|
||
$element.find('.leancloud-visitors-count').text(newcounter.get('time'));
|
||
},
|
||
error: function(newcounter, error) {
|
||
console.log('Failed to create');
|
||
}
|
||
});
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
error: function(error) {
|
||
console.log('Error:' + error.code + " " + error.message);
|
||
}
|
||
});
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
$(function() {
|
||
var Counter = AV.Object.extend("Counter");
|
||
if ($('.leancloud_visitors').length == 1) {
|
||
addCount(Counter);
|
||
} else if ($('.post-title-link').length > 1) {
|
||
showTime(Counter);
|
||
}
|
||
});
|
||
</script>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<script>
|
||
(function(){
|
||
var bp = document.createElement('script');
|
||
var curProtocol = window.location.protocol.split(':')[0];
|
||
if (curProtocol === 'https') {
|
||
bp.src = 'https://zz.bdstatic.com/linksubmit/push.js';
|
||
}
|
||
else {
|
||
bp.src = 'http://push.zhanzhang.baidu.com/push.js';
|
||
}
|
||
var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
|
||
s.parentNode.insertBefore(bp, s);
|
||
})();
|
||
</script>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</body>
|
||
</html>
|