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<meta name="description" content="0x00 背景与简介在分析嵌入式设备的固件时，只采用静态分析方式通常是不够的，你需要实际执行你的分析目标来观察它的行为。在嵌入式Linux设备的世界里，很容易把一个调试器放在目标硬件上进行调试。如果你能在自己的系统上运行二进制文件，而不是拖着硬件做分析, 将会方便很多，这就需要用QEMU进行仿真。虽然QEMU在模拟核心芯片组包括CPU上都做的很不错，但是QEMU往往不能提供你想运行的二进制程序需要">
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<meta name="description" content="0x00 背景与简介 在分析嵌入式设备的固件时，只采用静态分析方式通常是不够的，你需要实际执行你的分析目标来观察它的行为。在嵌入式Linux设备的世界里，很容易把一个调试器放在目标硬件上进行调试。如果你能在自己的系统上运行二进制文件，而不是拖着硬件做分析, 将会方便很多，这就需要用QEMU进行仿真。虽然QEMU在模拟核心芯片组包括CPU上都做的很不错，但是QEMU往往不能提供你想运行的二进制程序需">
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<meta property="og:description" content="0x00 背景与简介在分析嵌入式设备的固件时，只采用静态分析方式通常是不够的，你需要实际执行你的分析目标来观察它的行为。在嵌入式Linux设备的世界里，很容易把一个调试器放在目标硬件上进行调试。如果你能在自己的系统上运行二进制文件，而不是拖着硬件做分析, 将会方便很多，这就需要用QEMU进行仿真。虽然QEMU在模拟核心芯片组包括CPU上都做的很不错，但是QEMU往往不能提供你想运行的二进制程序需要">
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<meta property="og:description" content="0x00 背景与简介 在分析嵌入式设备的固件时，只采用静态分析方式通常是不够的，你需要实际执行你的分析目标来观察它的行为。在嵌入式Linux设备的世界里，很容易把一个调试器放在目标硬件上进行调试。如果你能在自己的系统上运行二进制文件，而不是拖着硬件做分析, 将会方便很多，这就需要用QEMU进行仿真。虽然QEMU在模拟核心芯片组包括CPU上都做的很不错，但是QEMU往往不能提供你想运行的二进制程序需">
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<meta name="twitter:description" content="0x00 背景与简介在分析嵌入式设备的固件时，只采用静态分析方式通常是不够的，你需要实际执行你的分析目标来观察它的行为。在嵌入式Linux设备的世界里，很容易把一个调试器放在目标硬件上进行调试。如果你能在自己的系统上运行二进制文件，而不是拖着硬件做分析, 将会方便很多，这就需要用QEMU进行仿真。虽然QEMU在模拟核心芯片组包括CPU上都做的很不错，但是QEMU往往不能提供你想运行的二进制程序需要">
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<meta name="twitter:description" content="0x00 背景与简介 在分析嵌入式设备的固件时，只采用静态分析方式通常是不够的，你需要实际执行你的分析目标来观察它的行为。在嵌入式Linux设备的世界里，很容易把一个调试器放在目标硬件上进行调试。如果你能在自己的系统上运行二进制文件，而不是拖着硬件做分析, 将会方便很多，这就需要用QEMU进行仿真。虽然QEMU在模拟核心芯片组包括CPU上都做的很不错，但是QEMU往往不能提供你想运行的二进制程序需">
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<h1 id="0x00-背景与简介"><a href="#0x00-背景与简介" class="headerlink" title="0x00 背景与简介"></a>0x00 背景与简介</h1><p>在分析嵌入式设备的固件时，只采用静态分析方式通常是不够的，你需要实际执行你的分析目标来观察它的行为。在嵌入式Linux设备的世界里，很容易把一个调试器放在目标硬件上进行调试。如果你能在自己的系统上运行二进制文件，而不是拖着硬件做分析, 将会方便很多，这就需要用QEMU进行仿真。<br>虽然QEMU在模拟核心芯片组包括CPU上都做的很不错，但是QEMU往往不能提供你想运行的二进制程序需要的硬件。最常见问题是在运行系统服务，如Web服务器或UPnP守护进程时，缺乏NVRAM。解决方法是使用nvram-faker库拦截由libnvram.so提供的nvram_get()调用。即使解决了NVRAM问题，该程序还可能会假设某些硬件是存在的，如果硬件不存在，该程序可能无法运行，或者即便它运行了，行为可能也与在其目标硬件上运行时有所不同。针对这种情况下，我认为有三种解决方法：</p>
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<h1 id="0x00-背景与简介"><a href="#0x00-背景与简介" class="headerlink" title="0x00 背景与简介"></a>0x00 背景与简介</h1><hr>
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<p>在分析嵌入式设备的固件时，只采用静态分析方式通常是不够的，你需要实际执行你的分析目标来观察它的行为。在嵌入式Linux设备的世界里，很容易把一个调试器放在目标硬件上进行调试。如果你能在自己的系统上运行二进制文件，而不是拖着硬件做分析, 将会方便很多，这就需要用QEMU进行仿真。<br>虽然QEMU在模拟核心芯片组包括CPU上都做的很不错，但是QEMU往往不能提供你想运行的二进制程序需要的硬件。最常见问题是在运行系统服务，如Web服务器或UPnP守护进程时，缺乏NVRAM。解决方法是使用nvram-faker库拦截由libnvram.so提供的nvram_get()调用。即使解决了NVRAM问题，该程序还可能会假设某些硬件是存在的，如果硬件不存在，该程序可能无法运行，或者即便它运行了，行为可能也与在其目标硬件上运行时有所不同。针对这种情况下，我认为有三种解决方法：</p>
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<ol>
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<ol>
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<li>修补二进制文件。这取决于期望什么硬件，以及它不存在时的行为是什么。</li>
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<li>修补二进制文件。这取决于期望什么硬件，以及它不存在时的行为是什么。</li>
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<li>把复杂的依赖于硬件的系统服务拆分成小的二级制文件。如跳过运行Web服务器，仅仅从shell脚本运行cgi二进制文件。因为大多数cgi二进制文件将来自Web服务器的输入作为标准输入和环境变量的组合，并通过标准输出将响应发送到Web服务器。</li>
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<li>把复杂的依赖于硬件的系统服务拆分成小的二级制文件。如跳过运行Web服务器，仅仅从shell脚本运行cgi二进制文件。因为大多数cgi二进制文件将来自Web服务器的输入作为标准输入和环境变量的组合，并通过标准输出将响应发送到Web服务器。</li>
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<li>拿到设备的shell，直接在真机上进行调试，这是最接近真实状况的方法。</li>
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<li>拿到设备的shell，直接在真机上进行调试，这是最接近真实状况的方法。</li>
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</ol>
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</ol>
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<hr>
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<h1 id="REF"><a href="#REF" class="headerlink" title="REF"></a>REF</h1><hr>
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<h1 id="REF"><a href="#REF" class="headerlink" title="REF"></a>REF</h1><p><strong>综合：</strong><br><a href="https://shadow-file.blogspot.com/2015/01/dynamically-analyzing-wifi-routers-upnp.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">国外大神的博客</a><br><a href="https://wooyun.js.org/drops/%E9%80%9A%E8%BF%87QEMU%20%E5%92%8C%20IDA%20Pro%E8%BF%9C%E7%A8%8B%E8%B0%83%E8%AF%95%E8%AE%BE%E5%A4%87%E5%9B%BA%E4%BB%B6.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">通过QEMU和IDAPro远程调试设备固件</a><br><a href="https://ray-cp.github.io/archivers/MIPS_Debug_Environment_and_Stack_Overflow" target="_blank" rel="noopener">MIPS漏洞调试环境安装及栈溢出</a><br><a href="https://wiki.x10sec.org/pwn/arm/environment/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">环境搭建onCTFWIKI</a><br><a href="https://www.anquanke.com/post/id/171918" target="_blank" rel="noopener">路由器漏洞训练平台</a><br><a href="https://www.anquanke.com/post/id/180714" target="_blank" rel="noopener">路由器0day漏洞挖掘实战</a><br><a href="https://5alt.me/wiki/%E9%80%86%E5%90%91" target="_blank" rel="noopener">逆向常用工具</a></p>
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<p><strong>综合：</strong><br><a href="https://shadow-file.blogspot.com/2015/01/dynamically-analyzing-wifi-routers-upnp.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">国外大神的博客</a><br><a href="https://wooyun.js.org/drops/%E9%80%9A%E8%BF%87QEMU%20%E5%92%8C%20IDA%20Pro%E8%BF%9C%E7%A8%8B%E8%B0%83%E8%AF%95%E8%AE%BE%E5%A4%87%E5%9B%BA%E4%BB%B6.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">通过QEMU和IDAPro远程调试设备固件</a><br><a href="https://ray-cp.github.io/archivers/MIPS_Debug_Environment_and_Stack_Overflow" target="_blank" rel="noopener">MIPS漏洞调试环境安装及栈溢出</a><br><a href="https://wiki.x10sec.org/pwn/arm/environment/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">环境搭建onCTFWIKI</a><br><a href="https://www.anquanke.com/post/id/171918" target="_blank" rel="noopener">路由器漏洞训练平台</a><br><a href="https://www.anquanke.com/post/id/180714" target="_blank" rel="noopener">路由器0day漏洞挖掘实战</a><br><a href="https://5alt.me/wiki/%E9%80%86%E5%90%91" target="_blank" rel="noopener">逆向常用工具</a></p>
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<p><strong>环境搭建：</strong><br><a href="https://xz.aliyun.com/t/3826" target="_blank" rel="noopener">路由器漏洞挖掘测试环境的搭建之问题总结</a></p>
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<p><strong>环境搭建：</strong><br><a href="https://xz.aliyun.com/t/3826" target="_blank" rel="noopener">路由器漏洞挖掘测试环境的搭建之问题总结</a></p>
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<p><strong>Linux相关知识</strong><br><a href="http://xstarcd.github.io/wiki/Cloud/qcow2_raw_vmdk.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">qcow2、raw、vmdk等镜像格式</a><br><a href="http://joe.is-programmer.com/posts/17753.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Linux 引导过程内幕</a><br><a href="https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/32051645" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Linux启动过程</a></p>
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<p><strong>Linux相关知识</strong><br><a href="http://xstarcd.github.io/wiki/Cloud/qcow2_raw_vmdk.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">qcow2、raw、vmdk等镜像格式</a><br><a href="http://joe.is-programmer.com/posts/17753.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Linux 引导过程内幕</a><br><a href="https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/32051645" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Linux启动过程</a></p>
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<p><strong>调试案例</strong><br><a href="https://xz.aliyun.com/t/5681" target="_blank" rel="noopener">CVE-2019-10999复现</a><br><a href="https://ray-cp.github.io/archivers/router_vuln_book_note" target="_blank" rel="noopener">《家用路由器0day漏洞挖掘》部分案例</a><br><a href="https://paper.seebug.org/448/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">TP-LINK WR941N路由器研究</a></p>
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<p><strong>调试案例</strong><br><a href="https://xz.aliyun.com/t/5681" target="_blank" rel="noopener">CVE-2019-10999复现</a><br><a href="https://ray-cp.github.io/archivers/router_vuln_book_note" target="_blank" rel="noopener">《家用路由器0day漏洞挖掘》部分案例</a><br><a href="https://paper.seebug.org/448/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">TP-LINK WR941N路由器研究</a></p>
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<hr>
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<h1 id="0x01-基础条件"><a href="#0x01-基础条件" class="headerlink" title="0x01 基础条件"></a>0x01 基础条件</h1><hr>
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<h1 id="0x01-基础条件"><a href="#0x01-基础条件" class="headerlink" title="0x01 基础条件"></a>0x01 基础条件</h1><ul>
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<ul>
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<li><p>一系列的工具，包括：<br><strong>binwalk</strong>帮助你解包固件<br><strong>buildroot</strong>mips交叉编译环境帮助你在x86平台下编译mips架构的目标程序 <a href="https://xz.aliyun.com/t/2505#toc-6" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://xz.aliyun.com/t/2505#toc-6</a><br><strong>qemu</strong>帮助你模拟mips环境<br><strong>MIPS gdbinit</strong>文件使得使用gdb调试mips程序时更方便 <a href="https://github.com/zcutlip/gdbinit-mips" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://github.com/zcutlip/gdbinit-mips</a><br><strong>miranda工具</strong>用于UPnP分析 <a href="https://code.google.com/p/miranda-upnp/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://code.google.com/p/miranda-upnp/</a><br><strong>MIPS静态汇编审计</strong>辅助脚本 <a href="https://github.com/giantbranch/mipsAudit" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://github.com/giantbranch/mipsAudit</a><br><strong>静态编译的gdbserver</strong> <a href="https://github.com/rapid7/embedded-tools/tree/master/binaries/gdbserver" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://github.com/rapid7/embedded-tools/tree/master/binaries/gdbserver</a></p>
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<li><p>一系列的工具，包括：<br><strong>binwalk</strong> 帮助你解包固件<br><strong>buildroot</strong> mips交叉编译环境帮助你在x86平台下编译mips架构的目标程序 <a href="https://xz.aliyun.com/t/2505#toc-6" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://xz.aliyun.com/t/2505#toc-6</a><br><strong>qemu</strong> 帮助你模拟mips环境<br><strong>MIPS gdbinit</strong> 文件使得使用gdb调试mips程序时更方便 <a href="https://github.com/zcutlip/gdbinit-mips" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://github.com/zcutlip/gdbinit-mips</a><br><strong>miranda工具</strong> 用于UPnP分析 <a href="https://code.google.com/p/miranda-upnp/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://code.google.com/p/miranda-upnp/</a><br><strong>MIPS静态汇编审计</strong> 辅助脚本 <a href="https://github.com/giantbranch/mipsAudit" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://github.com/giantbranch/mipsAudit</a><br><strong>静态编译的gdbserver</strong> <a href="https://github.com/rapid7/embedded-tools/tree/master/binaries/gdbserver" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://github.com/rapid7/embedded-tools/tree/master/binaries/gdbserver</a></p>
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</li>
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</li>
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<li><p>一个<strong>mips Linux</strong>环境：<br>在qemu系统模式下，需要模拟整个计算机系统</p>
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<li><p>一个<strong>mips Linux</strong>环境：<br>在qemu系统模式下，需要模拟整个计算机系统</p>
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<hr>
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<h1 id="0x02-qemu-用户模式"><a href="#0x02-qemu-用户模式" class="headerlink" title="0x02 qemu-用户模式"></a>0x02 qemu-用户模式</h1><hr>
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<h1 id="0x02-qemu-用户模式"><a href="#0x02-qemu-用户模式" class="headerlink" title="0x02 qemu-用户模式"></a>0x02 qemu-用户模式</h1><p>在user mode下使用qemu执行程序有两种情况，一是目标程序为<strong>静态链接</strong>，那么可以直接使用qemu。另一种是目标程序依赖于<strong>动态链接</strong>库，这时候就需要我们来<strong>指明库的位置</strong>，否则目标程序回到系统<code>/lib</code>文件下寻找共享库文件。<br>在 <em>《揭秘家用路由器0day》</em> 这本书里面，他给出的方法是：<br><figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">$</span> cp $(which qemu-mipsel) ./</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">$</span> sudo chroot . ./qemu-mipsel ./usr/sbin/miniupnpd</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
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<p>在user mode下使用qemu执行程序有两种情况，一是目标程序为<strong>静态链接</strong>，那么可以直接使用qemu。另一种是目标程序依赖于<strong>动态链接</strong>库，这时候就需要我们来<strong>指明库的位置</strong>，否则目标程序回到系统<code>/lib</code>文件下寻找共享库文件。<br>在 <em>《揭秘家用路由器0day》</em> 这本书里面，他给出的方法是：<br><figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">$</span> cp $(which qemu-mipsel) ./</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">$</span> sudo chroot . ./qemu-mipsel ./usr/sbin/miniupnpd</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
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<p>他把qemu-mipsel复制到固件文件目录下，然后<code>chroot</code>命令改变qemu执行的根目录到当前目录，按理说此时应该可以找到依赖库,但是结果却是<code>chroot: failed to run command ‘./qemu-mipsel’: No such file or directory</code></p>
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<p>他把qemu-mipsel复制到固件文件目录下，然后<code>chroot</code>命令改变qemu执行的根目录到当前目录，按理说此时应该可以找到依赖库,但是结果却是<code>chroot: failed to run command ‘./qemu-mipsel’: No such file or directory</code></p>
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<p>在网上找到了<a href="https://xz.aliyun.com/t/3826" target="_blank" rel="noopener">解决方法</a>：需要安装使用 <strong>qemu-mips-static</strong> 才可以<br><figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">$</span> apt-get install qemu binfmt-support qemu-user-static</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">$</span> cp $(which qemu-mipsel-static ) ./</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">$</span> sudo chroot . ./qemu-mipsel-static ./usr/sbin/miniupnpd</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
|
<p>在网上找到了<a href="https://xz.aliyun.com/t/3826" target="_blank" rel="noopener">解决方法</a>：需要安装使用 <strong>qemu-mips-static</strong> 才可以<br><figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">$</span> apt-get install qemu binfmt-support qemu-user-static</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">$</span> cp $(which qemu-mipsel-static ) ./</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">$</span> sudo chroot . ./qemu-mipsel-static ./usr/sbin/miniupnpd</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
|
||||||
<p>这里还可利用<code>-E</code>用来设置环境变量，<code>LD_PRELOAD "./lib"</code>用来劫持系统调用，另外还有<code>-g</code>开启调试模式</p>
|
<p>这里还可利用<code>-E</code>用来设置环境变量，<code>LD_PRELOAD "./lib"</code>用来劫持系统调用，另外还有<code>-g</code>开启调试模式</p>
|
||||||
@ -462,8 +463,8 @@
|
|||||||
<li style="list-style: none"><input type="checkbox"> 可见因路由器的特殊性，具有两张网卡(eth0.2&br-lan)，暂时我还没想出应该怎么解决，是否采用qemu虚拟机配置网络可以解决呢？反正我采用下面这种粗暴的方式是不可以的(直接指定配置文件)<figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">$</span> sudo qemu-mipsel -L . ./usr/sbin/miniupnpd -f ../../MiniUPnP/miniupnpd.conf -d</span><br><span class="line">miniupnpd[7687]: system uptime is 5652 seconds</span><br><span class="line">miniupnpd[7687]: iptc_init() failed : iptables who? (do you need to insmod?)</span><br><span class="line">miniupnpd[7687]: Failed to init redirection engine. EXITING</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
|
<li style="list-style: none"><input type="checkbox"> 可见因路由器的特殊性，具有两张网卡(eth0.2&br-lan)，暂时我还没想出应该怎么解决，是否采用qemu虚拟机配置网络可以解决呢？反正我采用下面这种粗暴的方式是不可以的(直接指定配置文件)<figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">$</span> sudo qemu-mipsel -L . ./usr/sbin/miniupnpd -f ../../MiniUPnP/miniupnpd.conf -d</span><br><span class="line">miniupnpd[7687]: system uptime is 5652 seconds</span><br><span class="line">miniupnpd[7687]: iptc_init() failed : iptables who? (do you need to insmod?)</span><br><span class="line">miniupnpd[7687]: Failed to init redirection engine. EXITING</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
|
||||||
</li>
|
</li>
|
||||||
</ul>
|
</ul>
|
||||||
<hr>
|
<h1 id="0x03-qemu-系统模式"><a href="#0x03-qemu-系统模式" class="headerlink" title="0x03 qemu-系统模式"></a>0x03 qemu-系统模式</h1><hr>
|
||||||
<h1 id="0x03-qemu-系统模式"><a href="#0x03-qemu-系统模式" class="headerlink" title="0x03 qemu-系统模式"></a>0x03 qemu-系统模式</h1><p>系统模式命令格式：<code>$qemu system-mips [option][disk_image]</code></p>
|
<p>系统模式命令格式：<code>$qemu system-mips [option][disk_image]</code></p>
|
||||||
<h2 id="MIPS系统网络配置"><a href="#MIPS系统网络配置" class="headerlink" title="MIPS系统网络配置"></a>MIPS系统网络配置</h2><p>下载mips系统内核和虚拟机镜像 <a href="https://people.debian.org/~aurel32/qemu/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://people.debian.org/~aurel32/qemu/</a><br><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">To use this image, you need to install QEMU 1.1.0 (or later). Start QEMU</span><br><span class="line">with the following arguments for a 32-bit machine:</span><br><span class="line"> - qemu-system-mipsel -M malta -kernel vmlinux-2.6.32-5-4kc-malta -hda debian_squeeze_mipsel_standard.qcow2 -append "root=/dev/sda1 console=tty0"</span><br><span class="line"> - qemu-system-mipsel -M malta -kernel vmlinux-3.2.0-4-4kc-malta -hda debian_wheezy_mipsel_standard.qcow2 -append "root=/dev/sda1 console=tty0"</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
|
<h2 id="MIPS系统网络配置"><a href="#MIPS系统网络配置" class="headerlink" title="MIPS系统网络配置"></a>MIPS系统网络配置</h2><p>下载mips系统内核和虚拟机镜像 <a href="https://people.debian.org/~aurel32/qemu/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://people.debian.org/~aurel32/qemu/</a><br><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">To use this image, you need to install QEMU 1.1.0 (or later). Start QEMU</span><br><span class="line">with the following arguments for a 32-bit machine:</span><br><span class="line"> - qemu-system-mipsel -M malta -kernel vmlinux-2.6.32-5-4kc-malta -hda debian_squeeze_mipsel_standard.qcow2 -append "root=/dev/sda1 console=tty0"</span><br><span class="line"> - qemu-system-mipsel -M malta -kernel vmlinux-3.2.0-4-4kc-malta -hda debian_wheezy_mipsel_standard.qcow2 -append "root=/dev/sda1 console=tty0"</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
|
||||||
<p><strong>1. 安装依赖文件</strong><code>apt-get install uml-utilities bridge-utils</code></p>
|
<p><strong>1. 安装依赖文件</strong><code>apt-get install uml-utilities bridge-utils</code></p>
|
||||||
<p><strong>2. 修改主机网络配置</strong><br><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">auto lo</span><br><span class="line">iface lo inet loopback</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">auto ens33</span><br><span class="line">iface eth0 inet dhcp</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">#auto br0</span><br><span class="line">iface br0 inet dhcp</span><br><span class="line"> bridge_ports ens33</span><br><span class="line"> bridge_maxwait 0</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
|
<p><strong>2. 修改主机网络配置</strong><br><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">auto lo</span><br><span class="line">iface lo inet loopback</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">auto ens33</span><br><span class="line">iface eth0 inet dhcp</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">#auto br0</span><br><span class="line">iface br0 inet dhcp</span><br><span class="line"> bridge_ports ens33</span><br><span class="line"> bridge_maxwait 0</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
|
||||||
@ -472,8 +473,8 @@
|
|||||||
<p><strong>4. qemu启动配置</strong><br><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ sudo ifdown ens33</span><br><span class="line">$ sudo ifup br0</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
|
<p><strong>4. qemu启动配置</strong><br><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ sudo ifdown ens33</span><br><span class="line">$ sudo ifup br0</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
|
||||||
<p><strong>5. 启动mips虚拟机</strong><br><code>sudo qemu-system-mipsel -M malta -kernel vmlinux-3.2.0-4-4kc-malta -hda debian_wheezy_mipsel_standard.qcow2 -append "root=/dev/sda1 console=tty0" -net nic,macaddr=00:16:3e:00:00:01 -net tap -nographic</code></p>
|
<p><strong>5. 启动mips虚拟机</strong><br><code>sudo qemu-system-mipsel -M malta -kernel vmlinux-3.2.0-4-4kc-malta -hda debian_wheezy_mipsel_standard.qcow2 -append "root=/dev/sda1 console=tty0" -net nic,macaddr=00:16:3e:00:00:01 -net tap -nographic</code></p>
|
||||||
<p>我自闭了，ubuntu18根本没法联网，于是我用了ubuntu14.0</p>
|
<p>我自闭了，ubuntu18根本没法联网，于是我用了ubuntu14.0</p>
|
||||||
<hr>
|
<h1 id="0x04-在mips虚拟机中调试"><a href="#0x04-在mips虚拟机中调试" class="headerlink" title="0x04 在mips虚拟机中调试"></a>0x04 在mips虚拟机中调试</h1><hr>
|
||||||
<h1 id="0x04-在mips虚拟机中调试"><a href="#0x04-在mips虚拟机中调试" class="headerlink" title="0x04 在mips虚拟机中调试"></a>0x04 在mips虚拟机中调试</h1><p>现在通过上面的配置我得到了这样一台虚拟机，并通过ssh连接上去。<br><figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">root@debian-mipsel:/home/user/mi_wifi_r3_112# ifconfig</span><br><span class="line">eth1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:16:3e:00:00:01</span><br><span class="line"> inet addr:192.168.31.246 Bcast:192.168.31.255 Mask:255.255.255.0</span><br><span class="line"> inet6 addr: fe80::216:3eff:fe00:1/64 Scope:Link</span><br><span class="line"> UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1</span><br><span class="line"> RX packets:89377 errors:75 dropped:360 overruns:0 frame:0</span><br><span class="line"> TX packets:9114 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0</span><br><span class="line"> collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000</span><br><span class="line"> RX bytes:103978997 (99.1 MiB) TX bytes:924287 (902.6 KiB)</span><br><span class="line"> Interrupt:10 Base address:0x1020</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">lo Link encap:Local Loopback</span><br><span class="line"> inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0</span><br><span class="line"> inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host</span><br><span class="line"> UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1</span><br><span class="line"> RX packets:8 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0</span><br><span class="line"> TX packets:8 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0</span><br><span class="line"> collisions:0 txqueuelen:0</span><br><span class="line"> RX bytes:560 (560.0 B) TX bytes:560 (560.0 B)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
|
<p>现在通过上面的配置我得到了这样一台虚拟机，并通过ssh连接上去。<br><figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">root@debian-mipsel:/home/user/mi_wifi_r3_112# ifconfig</span><br><span class="line">eth1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:16:3e:00:00:01</span><br><span class="line"> inet addr:192.168.31.246 Bcast:192.168.31.255 Mask:255.255.255.0</span><br><span class="line"> inet6 addr: fe80::216:3eff:fe00:1/64 Scope:Link</span><br><span class="line"> UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1</span><br><span class="line"> RX packets:89377 errors:75 dropped:360 overruns:0 frame:0</span><br><span class="line"> TX packets:9114 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0</span><br><span class="line"> collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000</span><br><span class="line"> RX bytes:103978997 (99.1 MiB) TX bytes:924287 (902.6 KiB)</span><br><span class="line"> Interrupt:10 Base address:0x1020</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">lo Link encap:Local Loopback</span><br><span class="line"> inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0</span><br><span class="line"> inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host</span><br><span class="line"> UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1</span><br><span class="line"> RX packets:8 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0</span><br><span class="line"> TX packets:8 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0</span><br><span class="line"> collisions:0 txqueuelen:0</span><br><span class="line"> RX bytes:560 (560.0 B) TX bytes:560 (560.0 B)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
|
||||||
<p>已经把我的小米固件全部上传到这个虚拟机中<br><figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">root@debian-mipsel:/home/user/mi_wifi_r3_112# ls</span><br><span class="line">bin data dev etc extdisks lib libnvram-faker.so mnt opt overlay proc qemu-mipsel-static readonly rom root sbin sys tmp userdisk usr var www</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
|
<p>已经把我的小米固件全部上传到这个虚拟机中<br><figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">root@debian-mipsel:/home/user/mi_wifi_r3_112# ls</span><br><span class="line">bin data dev etc extdisks lib libnvram-faker.so mnt opt overlay proc qemu-mipsel-static readonly rom root sbin sys tmp userdisk usr var www</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
|
||||||
<p>和用户模式一样，还是使用chroot，因为目标二进制是和固件的库链接的，很可能不能跟Debian的共享库一起工作。<br><figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">root@debian-mipsel:/home/user/mi_wifi_r3_112# chroot . ./usr/sbin/miniupnpd</span><br><span class="line">Usage:</span><br><span class="line"> ./usr/sbin/miniupnpd [-f config_file] [-i ext_ifname] [-o ext_ip]</span><br><span class="line"> [-a listening_ip] [-p port] [-d] [-U] [-S] [-N]</span><br><span class="line"> [-u uuid] [-s serial] [-m model_number]</span><br><span class="line"> [-t notify_interval] [-P pid_filename]</span><br><span class="line"> [-B down up] [-w url] [-r clean_ruleset_interval]</span><br><span class="line"> [-A "permission rule"] [-b BOOTID]</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">Notes:</span><br><span class="line"> There can be one or several listening_ips.</span><br><span class="line"> Notify interval is in seconds. Default is 30 seconds.</span><br><span class="line"> Default pid file is '/var/run/miniupnpd.pid'.</span><br><span class="line"> Default config file is '/etc/miniupnpd.conf'.</span><br><span class="line"> With -d miniupnpd will run as a standard program.</span><br><span class="line"> -S sets "secure" mode : clients can only add mappings to their own ip</span><br><span class="line"> -U causes miniupnpd to report system uptime instead of daemon uptime.</span><br><span class="line"> -N enables NAT-PMP functionality.</span><br><span class="line"> -B sets bitrates reported by daemon in bits per second.</span><br><span class="line"> -w sets the presentation url. Default is http address on port 80</span><br><span class="line"> -A use following syntax for permission rules :</span><br><span class="line"> (allow|deny) (external port range) ip/mask (internal port range)</span><br><span class="line"> examples :</span><br><span class="line"> "allow 1024-65535 192.168.1.0/24 1024-65535"</span><br><span class="line"> "deny 0-65535 0.0.0.0/0 0-65535"</span><br><span class="line"> -b sets the value of BOOTID.UPNP.ORG SSDP header</span><br><span class="line"> -h prints this help and quits.</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
|
<p>和用户模式一样，还是使用chroot，因为目标二进制是和固件的库链接的，很可能不能跟Debian的共享库一起工作。<br><figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">root@debian-mipsel:/home/user/mi_wifi_r3_112# chroot . ./usr/sbin/miniupnpd</span><br><span class="line">Usage:</span><br><span class="line"> ./usr/sbin/miniupnpd [-f config_file] [-i ext_ifname] [-o ext_ip]</span><br><span class="line"> [-a listening_ip] [-p port] [-d] [-U] [-S] [-N]</span><br><span class="line"> [-u uuid] [-s serial] [-m model_number]</span><br><span class="line"> [-t notify_interval] [-P pid_filename]</span><br><span class="line"> [-B down up] [-w url] [-r clean_ruleset_interval]</span><br><span class="line"> [-A "permission rule"] [-b BOOTID]</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">Notes:</span><br><span class="line"> There can be one or several listening_ips.</span><br><span class="line"> Notify interval is in seconds. Default is 30 seconds.</span><br><span class="line"> Default pid file is '/var/run/miniupnpd.pid'.</span><br><span class="line"> Default config file is '/etc/miniupnpd.conf'.</span><br><span class="line"> With -d miniupnpd will run as a standard program.</span><br><span class="line"> -S sets "secure" mode : clients can only add mappings to their own ip</span><br><span class="line"> -U causes miniupnpd to report system uptime instead of daemon uptime.</span><br><span class="line"> -N enables NAT-PMP functionality.</span><br><span class="line"> -B sets bitrates reported by daemon in bits per second.</span><br><span class="line"> -w sets the presentation url. Default is http address on port 80</span><br><span class="line"> -A use following syntax for permission rules :</span><br><span class="line"> (allow|deny) (external port range) ip/mask (internal port range)</span><br><span class="line"> examples :</span><br><span class="line"> "allow 1024-65535 192.168.1.0/24 1024-65535"</span><br><span class="line"> "deny 0-65535 0.0.0.0/0 0-65535"</span><br><span class="line"> -b sets the value of BOOTID.UPNP.ORG SSDP header</span><br><span class="line"> -h prints this help and quits.</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
|
||||||
<p>直接运行起来，还是只打印出usage，这里我注意到之前忽视的地方<code>Default config file is '/etc/miniupnpd.conf'.</code>，所以我不再使用<code>-f</code>参数来指定，而是把配置文件放在默认目录下，在小米路由器里，<code>ext_ifname</code>是外部ip，<code>listening_ip</code>是内部ip。但是我这里还没有开启两个，所以都赋值为一张网卡。<br><figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">ext_ifname=eth1</span><br><span class="line">listening_ip=eth1</span><br><span class="line">port=5351</span><br><span class="line">enable_natpmp=yes</span><br><span class="line">enable_upnp=yes</span><br><span class="line">secure_mode=no</span><br><span class="line">system_uptime=yes</span><br><span class="line">lease_file=/tmp/upnp.leases</span><br><span class="line">bitrate_down=8388608</span><br><span class="line">bitrate_up=4194304</span><br><span class="line">uuid=e1f3a0ec-d9d4-4317-a14b-130cdd18d092</span><br><span class="line">allow 1024-65535 0.0.0.0/0 1024-65535</span><br><span class="line">deny 0-65535 0.0.0.0/0 0-65535</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
|
<p>直接运行起来，还是只打印出usage，这里我注意到之前忽视的地方<code>Default config file is '/etc/miniupnpd.conf'.</code>，所以我不再使用<code>-f</code>参数来指定，而是把配置文件放在默认目录下，在小米路由器里，<code>ext_ifname</code>是外部ip，<code>listening_ip</code>是内部ip。但是我这里还没有开启两个，所以都赋值为一张网卡。<br><figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">ext_ifname=eth1</span><br><span class="line">listening_ip=eth1</span><br><span class="line">port=5351</span><br><span class="line">enable_natpmp=yes</span><br><span class="line">enable_upnp=yes</span><br><span class="line">secure_mode=no</span><br><span class="line">system_uptime=yes</span><br><span class="line">lease_file=/tmp/upnp.leases</span><br><span class="line">bitrate_down=8388608</span><br><span class="line">bitrate_up=4194304</span><br><span class="line">uuid=e1f3a0ec-d9d4-4317-a14b-130cdd18d092</span><br><span class="line">allow 1024-65535 0.0.0.0/0 1024-65535</span><br><span class="line">deny 0-65535 0.0.0.0/0 0-65535</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
|
||||||
@ -484,8 +485,8 @@
|
|||||||
</blockquote>
|
</blockquote>
|
||||||
<p>于是我运行二进制程序时，使用LD_PRELOAD对nvram-faker库进行预加载。它会拦截通常由libnvram.so提供的<code>nvram_get()</code>调用。nvram-faker会查询你提供的一个INI风格的配置文件，而不是试图查询NVRAM。<br>这里有一个链接：<a href="https://github.com/zcutlip/nvram-faker" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://github.com/zcutlip/nvram-faker</a><br><figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">root@debian-mipsel:/home/user/mi_wifi_r3_112# chroot . /bin/sh -c "LD_PRELOAD=/libnvram-faker.so /usr/sbin/miniupnpd"</span><br><span class="line">root@debian-mipsel:/home/user/mi_wifi_r3_112# daemon(): No such file or directory</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
|
<p>于是我运行二进制程序时，使用LD_PRELOAD对nvram-faker库进行预加载。它会拦截通常由libnvram.so提供的<code>nvram_get()</code>调用。nvram-faker会查询你提供的一个INI风格的配置文件，而不是试图查询NVRAM。<br>这里有一个链接：<a href="https://github.com/zcutlip/nvram-faker" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://github.com/zcutlip/nvram-faker</a><br><figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">root@debian-mipsel:/home/user/mi_wifi_r3_112# chroot . /bin/sh -c "LD_PRELOAD=/libnvram-faker.so /usr/sbin/miniupnpd"</span><br><span class="line">root@debian-mipsel:/home/user/mi_wifi_r3_112# daemon(): No such file or directory</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
|
||||||
<p>问题依然存在，daemon是在miniupnpd中常出现的词，猜测，会不会某些函数没有实现？这部分会比较麻烦，需要反汇编。<br>但是，我们不是可以拿到路由器的shell吗！干嘛还要用qemu模拟再调试，直接上真机！</p>
|
<p>问题依然存在，daemon是在miniupnpd中常出现的词，猜测，会不会某些函数没有实现？这部分会比较麻烦，需要反汇编。<br>但是，我们不是可以拿到路由器的shell吗！干嘛还要用qemu模拟再调试，直接上真机！</p>
|
||||||
<hr>
|
<h1 id="0x05-设备上调试程序"><a href="#0x05-设备上调试程序" class="headerlink" title="0x05 设备上调试程序"></a>0x05 设备上调试程序</h1><hr>
|
||||||
<h1 id="0x05-设备上调试程序"><a href="#0x05-设备上调试程序" class="headerlink" title="0x05 设备上调试程序"></a>0x05 设备上调试程序</h1><blockquote>
|
<blockquote>
|
||||||
<p>1、有shell权限<br>2、有静态编译的gdbserver或者gdb</p>
|
<p>1、有shell权限<br>2、有静态编译的gdbserver或者gdb</p>
|
||||||
</blockquote>
|
</blockquote>
|
||||||
<p>只要满足上面两个条件，我们就可以通过在路由器上运行<code>gdbserver_mipsle --attach 0.0.0.0:port PID</code> 以及 在你的电脑上使用 <strong>gdb-multiarch</strong> 进行调试(先指定架构，然后使用remote功能)轻松地调试设备上地mips程序。<br><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">pwndbg> set architecture mips (但大多数情况下这一步可以省略, 似乎 pwndbg 能自动识别架构)</span><br><span class="line">pwndbg> target remote localhost:1234</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
|
<p>只要满足上面两个条件，我们就可以通过在路由器上运行<code>gdbserver_mipsle --attach 0.0.0.0:port PID</code> 以及 在你的电脑上使用 <strong>gdb-multiarch</strong> 进行调试(先指定架构，然后使用remote功能)轻松地调试设备上地mips程序。<br><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">pwndbg> set architecture mips (但大多数情况下这一步可以省略, 似乎 pwndbg 能自动识别架构)</span><br><span class="line">pwndbg> target remote localhost:1234</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@ -435,7 +435,8 @@
|
|||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
0x00 背景与简介在分析嵌入式设备的固件时，只采用静态分析方式通常是不够的，你需要实际执行你的分析目标来观察它的行为。在嵌入式Linux设备的世界里，很容易把一个调试器放在目标硬件上进行调试。如果你能在自己的系统上运行二进制文件，而不是拖着硬件做分析, 将会方便很多，这就需要用QEMU进行仿真。虽
|
0x00 背景与简介
|
||||||
|
在分析嵌入式设备的固件时，只采用静态分析方式通常是不够的，你需要实际执行你的分析目标来观察它的行为。在嵌入式Linux设备的世界里，很容易把一个调试器放在目标硬件上进行调试。如果你能在自己的系统上运行二进制文件，而不是拖着硬件做分析, 将会方便很多，这就需要用QEMU进行仿真。
|
||||||
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|
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|
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|
||||||
<div class="post-button text-center">
|
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|
||||||
|
|||||||
776
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776
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@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
|
|||||||
<url>
|
<url>
|
||||||
<loc>https://cool-y.github.io/2019/07/25/Debug-a-router-firmware/</loc>
|
<loc>https://cool-y.github.io/2019/07/25/Debug-a-router-firmware/</loc>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<lastmod>2019-07-25T14:20:41.095Z</lastmod>
|
<lastmod>2019-07-25T14:33:53.527Z</lastmod>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
</url>
|
</url>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|||||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user